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cla122
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Replying to Topic 'Enviroment issues' |
Posted: 08-08-03 20:57:35 |
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Senior Member
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Quote: Originally posted by greenleaves13
Whats wrong with public schools???? |
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Hopefully, not a lot since nearly 53 million school children attend public schools. (Compared to five million in private schools.)
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AnyaThatchet
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Replying to Topic 'Enviroment issues' |
Posted: 08-08-03 21:22:31 |
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Junior Member
Location: Uh... here?
Joined: 16th Apr 03
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Well, I'm in a public school as well... it's not bad, considering I met TigerCat there... even though we definitely don't have the same environmental views. I don't know what to suggest to save the animals, basically because it has never been my primary concern.
I know it's wrong to criticize ideas when I don't have any myself, but really, I know what's right and what's wrong, and I believe all killing is wrong. Okay, yes, I do believe in the killing of animals for food- that's just the food chain, part of life. I don't believe in hunting for sport or illegal hunting- however, I don't think we should kill poachers because of what they've done. A fine or imprisonment is more than enough in my opinion. I don't even support the death penalty.
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cla122
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Replying to Topic 'Enviroment issues' |
Posted: 08-09-03 16:48:46 |
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Senior Member
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Quote: Originally posted by not as_noun
....Us homeschoolers parents (and many other people) have to pay taxes to pay for other kids educations which we don't even think are right, and have very little control over. The brainwashing (or extreme indoctrination if youl ike that better). There are a lot of other things, of which I'm sure you could think of, if you really thought about it. |
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Yes, well, my tax dollars are also going to support Social Security, Medicare, welfare and lots of other things that I currently don't need. But these services go to support other American citizens, which does mean that my tax dollars are going to good work. Tax dollars should go to support education, even if you aren't the one being educated. My tax dollars are going to purchase food stamps so that hungry people can get something to eat; should we not support services that we ourselves do not use? My tax dollars are suporting national parks, even though I may not be an enviromentalist. 
Brainwashing? I don't think so. In the public schools, children learn how to conform to acceptable behavior. Here, you may be able to throw out facts about children bringing guns to school and other violence. I don't disagree with the fact that all of that happens, and I don't agree with violence as an answer. But there are a significant number of public school children that are learning something. You may be able to throw out facts and figures that state that public school kids are failing state-mandated standardized tests at unacceptably high rates...and I'll agree with you that its unacceptable that so many cannot read at grade level. But there are kids who are learning. Yes, there are things wrong with public schools. But how else are 53 American children supposed to be adapted to society?
If you've taken a history class ( and I don't mean that as a personal attack, I know very little about your own education) you'd know that before widespread public schools, most children worked on a farm or in a factory. There was no need seen for schooling. Schooling was seen as only a need for the rich. Thank God that opinion is not widespread today! Can you imagine what life would be like if knowledge was only for the rich? Educating the masses is the only way for society to progress, a chain is only as strong as its weakest link.
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cla122
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Replying to Topic 'Enviroment issues' |
Posted: 08-09-03 16:49:15 |
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Senior Member
Location:
Joined: 7th Dec 02
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<double post, sorry!>
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Last edited by: cla122 on 08-09-03 16:51:12
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TigerCat
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Replying to Topic 'Enviroment issues' |
Posted: 08-09-03 20:13:28 |
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nerd!
Location: CNS--NY
Joined: 24th Nov 02
IP: Hidden
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Quote: Originally posted by not as_noun
That Evolutionism is science, not religion, but Creation is religious, not scientific.
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it is.
Quote: Originally posted by not as_noun
That pollution is a problem getting exponentially worse, and drastic measures need to be taken to stop it.
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it may not be getting worse, but it DOES need to be stopped.
Quote: Originally posted by not as_noun
That drilling for oil is extremely destructive to the enviroment.
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it is!
Quote: Originally posted by not as_noun
There are hundreds of species of animals going extinct every day.
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maybe not 100s...but there are some going extinct everyday.
Quote: Originally posted by not as_noun
That the Amazon rainforests are the lungs of the world and that their destruction could mean catastrophic consequences for the world.
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their destruction COULD mean catastrophic consequences for the world!
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not_as_noun
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Replying to Topic 'Enviroment issues' |
Posted: 08-10-03 11:36:57 |
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Senior Member
Location: Northwestern Georgia
Joined: 26th Jun 03
IP: Hidden
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Three different people to respond to, okay!
Quote: Originally posted by cla122
Yes, well, my tax dollars are also going to support Social Security, Medicare, welfare and lots of other things that I currently don't need. But these services go to support other American citizens, which does mean that my tax dollars are going to good work. Tax dollars should go to support education, even if you aren't the one being educated. My tax dollars are going to purchase food stamps so that hungry people can get something to eat; should we not support services that we ourselves do not use? My tax dollars are suporting national parks, even though I may not be an enviromentalist. |
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I personally believe that it is the church that should be helping the poor (this is more and more becoming the case), and that the goverment should not demand my money to give it to people who, often enough, are just too lazy to work. Handouts will not solve people's problems, if fact they can make them worse.
Quote: Originally posted by cla122
Brainwashing? I don't think so. In the public schools, children learn how to conform to acceptable behavior. Here, you may be able to throw out facts about children bringing guns to school and other violence. I don't disagree with the fact that all of that happens, and I don't agree with violence as an answer. But there are a significant number of public school children that are learning something. You may be able to throw out facts and figures that state that public school kids are failing state-mandated standardized tests at unacceptably high rates...and I'll agree with you that its unacceptable that so many cannot read at grade level. But there are kids who are learning. Yes, there are things wrong with public schools. But how else are 53 American children supposed to be adapted to society? |
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I think you have already argued most of my case. Homeschoolers seem to be learning a lot better than those in public, or private schools, but especially the public kind. My dad is a high school teacher in a public school, and he would certainly never -
unless God very clearly told him to - ever send me to that school. Every 15 minutes, he has to stop class to tell someone to stop misbehaving.
My mom has some really funny comparisons of real life to the way public schools work, and if I can get a hold of them, I'll post them.
Quote: Originally posted by cla122
If you've taken a history class ( and I don't mean that as a personal attack, I know very little about your own education) you'd know that before widespread public schools, most children worked on a farm or in a factory. There was no need seen for schooling. Schooling was seen as only a need for the rich. Thank God that opinion is not widespread today! Can you imagine what life would be like if knowledge was only for the rich? Educating the masses is the only way for society to progress, a chain is only as strong as its weakest link. |
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Ever heard about educating yourself? One of the most famous examples being Abraham Lincoln. He was a poor boy, who wanted to learn, so he pretty much taught himself. There are a lot of things that are taught in public schools that are untrue, and totally unnecessary. 7+ hoursa day on school work? What a waste of time! I can do all of mine in 4 or 5. Probably less if I really tried. On my tests that the goverment requires me to take, I score on often (there are a few things that I don't do quite as well on) well above the national average. I think I'm going to take the SAT this year or the next, or I'd tell the results from that test too.
Quote: Originally posted by greenleaves13
Well, in my school theres no brain washing. And unless you want to leave America your going to have to pay their taxes so live with it. |
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How do you know that's true? I am actually planning on leaving America, but not because of the taxes. The Bible I read tells me that I'm supposed to give the government what it asks for, at least tax wise.
Quote: Quote: Originally posted by not as_noun
That Evolutionism is science, not religion, but Creation is religious, not scientific. |
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[/i]Originally posted by Tigercat[/i]
it is. |
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How is Evolutionism science? How is Creation not?
Quote: Quote: Originally posted by not as_noun
That pollution is a problem getting exponentially worse, and drastic measures need to be taken to stop it. |
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Originally posted by Tigercat
it may not be getting worse, but it DOES need to be stopped. |
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Why?
Quote: Quote: Originally posted by not as_noun
There are hundreds of species of animals going extinct every day. |
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Originally posted by Tigercat
maybe not 100s...but there are some going extinct everyday. |
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[/i]Maybe[/i] one a day.
Quote: Quote: Originally posted by not as_noun
That the Amazon rainforests are the lungs of the world and that their destruction could mean catastrophic consequences for the world. |
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Originally posted by Tigercat
their destruction COULD mean catastrophic consequences for the world! |
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Again, I ask, why?
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cla122
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Replying to Topic 'Enviroment issues' |
Posted: 08-10-03 13:55:28 |
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Senior Member
Location:
Joined: 7th Dec 02
IP: Hidden
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Quote: Originally posted by not as_noun
I personally believe that it is the church that should be helping the poor (this is more and more becoming the case), and that the goverment should not demand my money to give it to people who, often enough, are just too lazy to work. Handouts will not solve people's problems, if fact they can make them worse.
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Yes, it is the church's social responsibility to aid those who are less forunate. But it is also the government's responsibility to provide aid. The government cannot turn its back on its citizens in need. The majority of those on welfare are children; children of single mothers. Are the children of parents who cannot work to blame for their economic condition? Most people who recieve government aid are not too lazy too work - some can't, whether it be because of medical conditions or they are unable to find childcare. Maybe it's because they can't find a job - I think we could both safely agree that economic conditions are not favorable.
Quote: Originally posted by not as_noun
...Homeschoolers seem to be learning a lot better than those in public, or private schools, but especially the public kind. My dad is a high school teacher in a public school, and he would certainly never -
unless God very clearly told him to - ever send me to that school. Every 15 minutes, he has to stop class to tell someone to stop misbehaving.
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You have yet to tell me how America is supposed to educate 53 million school-aged children. Prove to me that homeschoolers learn 'a lot better than those in public...schools.' Show me statistics. I'm a public school kid of going on 12 years and I think that we have had an intelligent debate so far. We couldn't have had an intelligent debate if we both weren't educated. So wouldn't this mean that the education that we have had so far is nearly equal?
One of the wonderful things about public schools is that it has exposed me to a lot of different types of people and activities I wouldn't have gotten if I was homeschooled. I wouldn't be a yearbook photographer, and I wouldn't have been able to be on a Science Olympiad team. I've had some wonderful teachers who have exposed me to new opinions that I wouldn't have had, had I been homeschooled.
Quote: Originally posted by not as_noun
Ever heard about educating yourself? One of the most famous examples being Abraham Lincoln. He was a poor boy, who wanted to learn, so he pretty much taught himself. There are a lot of things that are taught in public schools that are untrue, and totally unnecessary. 7+ hoursa day on school work? What a waste of time! I can do all of mine in 4 or 5. Probably less if I really tried. On my tests that the goverment requires me to take, I score on often (there are a few things that I don't do quite as well on) well above the national average. I think I'm going to take the SAT this year or the next, or I'd tell the results from that test too.
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Yes, I've heard about educating myself. I think that's why I've been able to enjoy a moderate amount of success with Science Olympiad.
Yes, I spend 7+ hours a day in school, but not doing schoolwork. I probably spend 4-5 hours a day on actual school work, give or take. The rest of my time is spent developing social skills and becoming aquainted with those around me. Now, that's not to say that I'm Miss Social Butterfly, because I'm not. But, because of public schooling and needing to speak in front of people and needing to converse and discuss ideas, I am able to articulate what I think.
I'm very impresssed that you score above the national average on your standardized tests. There are also public school kids who went above and beyond what they were asked to do (I guess you could say that they 'educated themselves') and they too, score above the national average on standardized tests. But what does a standardized test really say about you? That you are a good test taker? That you can solve math problems on a calculator? That you know how to read? Does being a homeschooled kid who scores high on standardized tests mean that you are better than everyone else? If you had your SAT score, and you told everyone, what would that mean? That homeschooling has made you smart and a braggart? Or just arrogant?
"There are a lot of things that are taught in public schools that are untrue, and totally unnecessary." ..... Like what? I though you said you didn't go to public schools.
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TigerCat
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Replying to Topic 'Enviroment issues' |
Posted: 08-10-03 16:27:04 |
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nerd!
Location: CNS--NY
Joined: 24th Nov 02
IP: Hidden
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Quote: Originally posted by not as_noun
Ever heard about educating yourself? One of the most famous examples being Abraham Lincoln. He was a poor boy, who wanted to learn, so he pretty much taught himself. There are a lot of things that are taught in public schools that are untrue, and totally unnecessary. 7+ hoursa day on school work? What a waste of time! I can do all of mine in 4 or 5. Probably less if I really tried. On my tests that the goverment requires me to take, I score on often (there are a few things that I don't do quite as well on) well above the national average. I think I'm going to take the SAT this year or the next, or I'd tell the results from that test too. |
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I?ve already taken the SAT twice, and I?m going into 9th grade this fall, and i'm probably gonna take it again.
And on all the state/govt mandated tests that I?ve had to take, I?ve scored at least in the top 10% if not the top 1% and i go to a public school.
Quote: Quote: Quote: Originally posted by not as_noun
That Evolutionism is science, not religion, but Creation is religious, not scientific. |
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[/i]Originally posted by Tigercat[/i]
it is. |
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How is Evolutionism science? How is Creation not? |
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Unless I?m wrong, and I?m not wrong too often, evolutionism means that we evolved from apes, and creation is that we are descended from adam and eve. I really don?t think that the bible teaches that we evolved, but then again I?ve never read it. and in science class we learned that we evolved, which means that creation is a religious thing.
Quote: Quote: Quote: Originally posted by not as_noun
That pollution is a problem getting exponentially worse, and drastic measures need to be taken to stop it. |
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Originally posted by Tigercat
it may not be getting worse, but it DOES need to be stopped. |
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Why? |
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pollution aggravates asthma and its pretty similar to second-hand smoke.
Quote: Quote: Quote: Originally posted by not as_noun
There are hundreds of species of animals going extinct every day. |
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Originally posted by Tigercat
maybe not 100s...but there are some going extinct everyday. |
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[/i]Maybe[/i] one a day. |
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even one a day adds up to 365 a year.
Quote: Quote: Quote: Originally posted by not as_noun
That the Amazon rainforests are the lungs of the world and that their destruction could mean catastrophic consequences for the world. |
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Originally posted by Tigercat
their destruction COULD mean catastrophic consequences for the world! |
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Again, I ask, why?
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personally, I think a loss of oxygen, or even a depletion counts as a catastrophic event.
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Last edited by: TigerCat on 08-10-03 16:28:40
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cla122
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Replying to Topic 'Enviroment issues' |
Posted: 08-10-03 20:07:16 |
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Senior Member
Location:
Joined: 7th Dec 02
IP: Hidden
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not as_noun, I was unable to access those sites. Maybe you could give me the actual URL to the site instead of the path from the search engine.
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Matthew
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Replying to Topic 'Enviroment issues' |
Posted: 08-10-03 20:25:51 |
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Brain Trust
Location:
Joined: 14th May 01
IP: Hidden
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Quote: Originally posted by not as_noun
Just about everything. They were modeled after the communist scools in Prussia.
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What's wrong with public schools? They teach history. Especially that upstart European history! Prussia was never communist- ever! Russia was communist. Although the Communist Manifesto was written by a Prussian factory owner, Prussia was famous for its autocratic, authoritarian government, which is the opposite end of the spectrum.
Quote:
Us homeschoolers parents (and many other people)
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What's wrong with public schools? They teach grammar. 'Us' is the objective of 'we'. We pay taxes, they make us pay taxes. That's a typical error for American Anglophones, and much less so for Commonwealth Anglophones due to the strict usage of Received Pronunciation in the schools. Just remember that 'us' is the plural pronoun form of 'me', and 'we' is the plural pronoun form of 'I'.
Quote:| (We) ...have to pay taxes to pay for other kids educations which we don't even think are right, and have very little control over. |
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They teach us literature, and we memorize it and apply it to our worldview. For example, one of my favourite passages from one of my favourite books goes a little like this:
Matthew 22
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15 Then went the Pharisees, and took counsel how they might entangle him in his talk.
16 And they sent out unto him their disciples with the Herodians, saying, "Master, we know that thou art true, and teachest the way of God in truth, neither carest thou for any man: for thou regardest not the person of men.
17 "Tell us therefore, What thinkest thou? Is it lawful to give tribute unto Caesar, or not?"
18 But Jesus perceived their wickedness, and said, "Why tempt ye me, ye hypocrites?
19 "Show me the tribute money." And they brought unto him a penny.
20 And he saith unto them, "Whose is this image and superscription?"
21 They say unto him, "Caesar's". Then saith he unto them, "Render therefore unto Caesar the things which are Caesar's; and unto God the things that are God's."
...
Quote:| The brainwashing (or extreme indoctrination if youl ike that better). There are a lot of other things, of which I'm sure you could think of, if you really thought about it. |
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What's wrong with public schools? They teach us debate. We are forced to daily defend our beliefs with primary evidence and collated secondary evidence. If anything, public schools encourage negative brainwashing, as unless you can defend it, you might as well be wrong. The schools have shot down more of my ideas than implanted the ones I have.
My 15 years in the English Public schools (which are more like open enrollment academies), in the American public schools, and at the US Naval Academy have been the best for me. My education is second to none. I think the only question I have is why do you criticise the public school system having no experience therein? I hardly criticise the homeschool system for that reason.
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not_as_noun
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Replying to Topic 'Enviroment issues' |
Posted: 08-11-03 13:25:17 |
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Senior Member
Location: Northwestern Georgia
Joined: 26th Jun 03
IP: Hidden
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I had just written a nice long reply; but then I made a huge mistake. I went somewhere else in this window! How stupid!
The second try:
Okay. I admit that I have been wrong about some things, and I've posted somethings that I probably shouldn't have. I haven?t been very humble about this. I'm going to try and change the slant of my approach to the subjects at hand.
Quote: Originally posted by NotFabio
What's wrong with public schools? They teach history. Especially that upstart European history! Prussia was never communist- ever! Russia was communist. Although the Communist Manifesto was written by a Prussian factory owner, Prussia was famous for its autocratic, authoritarian government, which is the opposite end of the spectrum. |
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I think it was actually the German schools that our public school's were modeled after.
Quote: Originally posted by NotFabio
They teach us literature, and we memorize it and apply it to our worldview. For example, one of my favourite passages from one of my favourite books goes a little like
Matthew 22
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15 Then went the Pharisees, and took counsel how they might entangle him in his talk.
16 And they sent out unto him their disciples with the Herodians, saying, "Master, we know that thou art true, and teachest the way of God in truth, neither carest thou for any man: for thou regardest not the person of men.
17 "Tell us therefore, What thinkest thou? Is it lawful to give tribute unto Caesar, or not?"
18 But Jesus perceived their wickedness, and said, "Why tempt ye me, ye hypocrites?
19 "Show me the tribute money." And they brought unto him a penny.
20 And he saith unto them, "Whose is this image and superscription?"
21 They say unto him, "Caesar's". Then saith he unto them, "Render therefore unto Caesar the things which are Caesar's; and unto God the things that are God's."
... |
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My grammar was wrong, there and in several other places. I do, though, enjoy using Southern grammar sometimes.
I didn't realize that in public schools they teach passages like Matthew 22. I don't think
that's it's right to refuse to give Caesar's what is his. I did allude to that passage in another post.
Quote: Originally posted by NotFabio
What's wrong with public schools? They teach us debate. We are forced to daily defend our beliefs with primary evidence and collated secondary evidence. If anything, public schools encourage negative brainwashing, as unless you can defend it, you might as well be wrong. The schools have shot down more of my ideas than implanted the ones I have. |
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I'm learning how to debate right here on scioly, from people I think are pretty good at it themselves, much better than I am. I don't need to go to a public school to learn how to do it.
Quote: Originally posted by NotFabio
My 15 years in the English Public schools (which are more like open enrollment academies), in the American public schools, and at the US Naval Academy have been the best for me. My education is second to none. I think the only question I have is why do you criticise the public school system having no experience therein? I hardly criticise the homeschool system for that reason. |
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I hope I didn?t say you couldn?t learn in a public school. It did sound like that though, which is, of course, my fault. I would like to know about any problems you have with homeschooling. I think that a good education, second to none, could be acquired easier, quicker, cheaper, and all around more efficiently through homeschool.
Never try arguing with NotFabio, he?s too good. If you say anything wrong, he?s very likely too catch it.
Quote: Originally posted by TigerCat
I?ve already taken the SAT twice, and I?m going into 9th grade this fall, and i'm probably gonna take it again.
And on all the state/govt mandated tests that I?ve had to take, I?ve scored at least in the top 10% if not the top 1% and i go to a public school. |
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Good for you. See above comments.
Quote: Originally posted by TigerCat
Unless I?m wrong, and I?m not wrong too often, evolutionism means that we evolved from apes, and creation is that we are descended from adam and eve. I really don?t think that the bible teaches that we evolved, but then again I?ve never read it. and in science class we learned that we evolved, which means that creation is a religious thing. |
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I learned in science class that I descended from Adam and Eve, and that God created everything in six days. What you learn depends on who your teacher is, what his (for the sake of simplicity) bias is, and his agenda
Quote: Originally posted by TigerCat
pollution aggravates asthma and its pretty similar to second-hand smoke. |
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True, but I do believe that most of the pollution in the world is not actually caused by human activity. I also believe that second-hand smoke is pollution.
Quote: Originally posted by TigerCat
even one a day adds up to 365 a year[/i] |
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Also true. How many species of animals are there in the world?
Quote: Originally posted by TigerCat
personally, I think a loss of oxygen, or even a depletion counts as a catastrophic event. |
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It can be. It depends on the amount of oxygen lost. If the plants in the Amazon rainforest were destroyed, it would leave more CO2 for the other plants in the world. The more CO2, the faster the plants grow, and the bigger they get. I believe the loss of the Amazon rainforest wouldn?t cause a huge catastrophic event.
Here?s one of the links. Sorry about the other ones. I thought they were a strange length.
http://www.uhea.org/stats.html
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Last edited by: not as_noun on 08-11-03 13:26:35
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birdwomen06
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Replying to Topic 'Enviroment issues' |
Posted: 08-11-03 13:44:19 |
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Mary Jane
Location: Piqua, Ohio
Joined: 6th Apr 03
IP: Hidden
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I agree that there are probably some good points of being home-schooled, but I don't have anything against my public education. Not only do we learn in a public school but we also learn how to deal with our peers and have opportunitites to excel in extracurricular activitives. Now having never been home-schooled I don't know if someone who is home-schooled has those opportunitites or not, but as NotFabio said earlier that we can't really critisize a school we've never been in.
I don't expect anyone to read this whole list, I couldn't find a website that said how many species of animals there are in the world but I did find this list of animals and plants that are in danger of becomming extinct, I found this info from the World Wildlife Fund.
This partial list, compiled in June, 1999, presents only a fraction of the species at risk of extinction today and does not include tens of thousands of species whose status we do not yet know. Hundreds of species without common names have been left out, which means that while many mammals are on this list, only a few insects and molluscs are included.
ANIMALS
Class MAMMALIA (MAMMALS)
Order Monotremata
Long-beaked echidna (Zaglossus bruijni)
Order Diprotodontia
Northern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus krefftii)
Gilbert?s potoroo (Potorous gilbertii)
Order Insectivora
Juliana?s golden mole (Amblysomus julianae)
Somali golden mole (Chlorotalpa tytonis)
Visagie?s golden mole (Chrysochloris visagiei)
Van Zyl?s golden mole (Cryptochloris zyli)
Dwarf gymnure (Hylomys parvus)
Malayan water shrew (Chimarrogale hantu)
Sumatra water shrew (Chimarrogale sumatrana)
Gansu shrew (Sorex cansulus)
Kozlov?s shrew (Sorex kozlovi)
Salenski?s shrew (Soriculus salenskii)
Black shrew (Suncus ater)
Flores shrew (Suncus mertensi)
Gabon drawf shrew (Suncus remyi)
Persian mole (Talpa streeti)
Order Chiroptera
Bulmer?s fruit bat (Aproteles bulmerae)
Philippines tube-nosed fruit bat (Nyctimene rabori)
Cusp-toothed fruit bat (Pteralopex atrata)
Chuuk flying-fox (Pteropus insularis)
Comoro black flying-fox (Pteropus livingstonii)
Pohnpei flying-fox (Pteropus molussinus)
Mortlock Islands flying-fox (Pteropus phaeocephalus)
Rodrigues flying-fox (Pteropus rodricensis)
Pemba flying-fox (Pteropus voeltzkowi)
Seychelles sheath-tailed bat (Coleura seychellensis)
Wroughton?s free-tailed bat (Otomops wroughtoni)
Order Primates
Hairy-eared dwarf lemur (Allocebus trichotis)
Golden bamboo lemur (Hapalemur aureus)
Broad-nosed gentle lemur (Hapalemur simus)
Golden-crowned sifaka (Propithecus tattersalli)
Black-faced lion tamarin (Leontopithecus caissara)
Golden-rumped lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysopygus)
Golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia)
Yellow-tailed woolly monkey (Lagothrix flavicauda)
Mentawai macaque (Macaca pagensis)
Tonkin snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus avunculus)
White-rumped black lemur (Trachypithecus delacouri)
Silvery gibbon (Hylobates moloch)
Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla)
Pygmy chimpanzee/Bonobo (Pan paniscus)
Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)
Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)
Order Carnivora
Red wolf (Canis rufus)
Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis)
Tiger (Panthera tigris)
Snow leopard (Uncia uncia)
Marine otter (Lutra felina)
Steller?s sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus)
Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus)
Giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)
Lesser panda (Ailurus fulgens)
Order Cetacea
Northern right whale (Eubalaena glacialis)
Sei whale (Balenoptera borealis)
Blue whale (Balenoptera musculus)
Fin whale (Balenoptera physalus)
Vaquita (Phoncoena sinus)
Baiji (Lipotes vexillifer)
Ganges River dolphin (Platanista gangetica)
Indus River dolphin (Platanista minor)
Order Proboscidea
Asian elephant (Elephas maximus)
African elephant (Loxodonta africana)
Order Perissodactyla
African wild ass (Equus africanus)
Grevy?s zebra (Equus grevyi)
Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis)
Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis)
Javan rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus)
Great Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis)
Order Artiodactyla
Visayan warty pig (Sus cebifrons)
Pygmy hog (Sus salvanius)
Pere David?s deer (Elaphurus davidianus)
Kouprey (Bos sauveli)
Walia ibex (Capra walia)
Hunter?s antelope (Damaliscus hunteri)
Queen of Sheba?s gazelle (Gazella bilkis)
Scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah)
Przewalski?s gazelle (Procapra przewalskii)
Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsoni)
Order Rodentia
Giant kangaroo rat (Dipodomys elator)
Mt. Isarog striped rat (Chrotomys gonzalesi)
Western small-toothed rat (Macruromys elegans)
Central rock-rat (Zyzomys pedunculatus)
Short-tailed chinchilla (Chinchilla brevicaudata)
Cabrera?s hutia (Mesocapromys angelcabrerai)
Large-eared hutia (Mesocapromys auritus)
Dwarf hutia (Mesocapromys nanus)
Little Earth hutia (Mesocapromys sanfelipensis)
Garrido?s hutia (Mysateles garridoi)
Order Lagomorpha
Helen Shan pika (Ochotona helanshanensis)
Sumatran rabbit (Nesolagus netscheri)
Omiltemi rabbit (Sylvilagus transitionalis)
Class AVES (BIRDS)
Order Tinamiformes
Magdalena tinamou (Crypturellus saltuarius)
Kalinowski?s tinamou (Nothoprocta taczanowskii)
Order Podicipediformes
Jun?n grebe (Podiceps taczanowskii)
Alaotra grebe (Tachybaptus rufolavatus)
Order Procellariiformes
Amsterdam albatross (Diomedea amsterdamensis)
Mascarene black petrel (Pterodrama aterrima)
Chatham Islands petrel (Pterodrama axillaris)
Barau?s petrel (Pterodrama baraui)
Beck?s petrel (Pterodrama becki)
Jamaica petrel (Pterodrama caribbaea)
Fiji petrel (Pterodrama macgillivrayi)
Zino?s petrel (Pterodrama madeira)
Magenta petrel (Pterodrama magentae)
Gal?pagos petrel (Pterodrama phaeopygia)
Gaudalupe storm-petrel (Oceanodrama macrodactyla)
Order Pelecaniformes
Ascension frigatebird (Fregata aquila)
Order Ciconiiformes
White-eared night-heron (Gorsachius magnificus)
Dwarf olive ibis (Bostrychia bocagei)
Northern bald ibis (Geronticus eremita)
Crested ibis (Nipponia nippon)
Black-faced spoonbill (Platalea minor)
Giant ibis (Pseudibgis gigantea)
Order Anseriformes
Madagascar pochard (Aythya innotata)
Brazilian merganser (Mergus octosetaceus)
Pink-headed duck (Rhodonessa caryophyllacea)
Crested shelduck (Tadorna cristata)
Order Falconiformes
California condor (Gymnogyps californianus)
Madagascar serpent-eagle (Eutriorchis astur)
Madagascar fish-eagle (Haliaeetus vociferoides)
Philippine eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi)
Order Galliformes
Blue-billed curassow (Crax alberti)
Red-billed curassow (Crax blumenbachii)
White-winged guan (Penelope albipennis)
Trinidad piping-guan (Pipile pipile)
Orange-necked partridge (Arborophila davidi)
Sichuan partridge (Arborophila rufipectus)
Bearded wood-partridge (Dendrortyx barbatus)
Djibouti francolin (Francolinus ochropectus)
Edwards?s pheasant (Lophura edwardsi)
Imperial pheasant (Lophura imperialis)
Himalayan quail (Ophrysia superciliosa)
Bornean peacock-pheasant (Polyplectron schleiermacheri)
Order Gruiformes
Whooping crane (Grus americana)
Sakalava rail (Amaurornis olivieri)
Zapata rail (Cyanolimnas cerverai)
Samoan moorhen (Gallinula pacifica)
San Cristobal moorhen (Gallinura silvestris)
New Caledonian rail (Gallirallus lafresnayanus)
Austral rail (Rallus antarcticus)
Lesser florican (Eupodotis indica)
Order Charadriiformes
Black stilt (Himantopus novaezelandiae)
Eskimo curlew (Numenius borealis)
Slender-billed curlew (Numenius tenuirostris)
Chinese crested-tern (Sterna bernsteini)
Order Columbiformes
Purple-winged ground-dove (Claravis godefrida)
Ring-tailed pigeon (Columba caribaea)
Pink pigeon (Columba mayeri)
Yellow-legged pigeon (Columba pallidiceps)
Blue-eyed ground-dove (Columbina cyanopis)
Marquesan imperial-pigeon (Ducula galeata)
Polynesian ground-dove (Gallicolumba erythroptera)
Negros bleeding-heart (Gallicolumba keayi)
Sulu bleeding-heart (Gallicolumba menagei)
Mindoro bleeding-heart (Gallicolumba platenae)
Thick-billed ground-dove (Gallicolumba salamonis)
Grenada dove (Leptotila wellsi)
Negros fruit-dove (Ptilinopus arcanus)
Order Psittaciformes
Puerto Rican Amazon (Amazona vittata)
Lear?s macaw (Anodorhynchus leari)
Philippine cockatoo (Cacatua haematuropygia)
Spix?s macaw (Cyanopsitta spixii)
Norfolk Island parakeet (Cyanoramphus cookii)
Night parrot (Geopsittacus occidentalis)
Fuertes?s parrot (Hapalopsittaca fuertesi)
Yellow-eared parrot (Ognorhynchus icterotis)
Mauritius parakeet (Psittacula echo)
Order Cuculiformes
Black-hooded coucal (Centropus steerii)
Order Strigiformes
Forest owlet (Athene blewitti)
Anjouan scops-owl (Otus capnodes)
Seychelles scops-owl (Otus insularis)
Grand Comoro scops-owl (Otus pauliani)
Order Caprimulgiformes
White-winged nightjar (Caprimulgus candicans)
Puerto Rican nightjar (Caprimulgus noctitherus)
Jamaican pauraque (Siphonorhis americanus)
Order Apodiformes
Honduran emerald (Amazilla luciae)
Turquoise-throated puffleg (Eriocnemis godini)
Black-breasted puffleg (Eriocnemis nigrivestis)
Bogot? sunangel (Heliangelus zusii)
Scissor-tailed hummingbird (Hylonympha macrocerca)
Sapphire-bellied hummingbird (Lepidopyga lilliae)
Hook-billed hermit (Ramphodon dohrnii)
Juan Fern?ndez firecrown (Sephanoides fernandensis)
Order Coraciiformes
Writhed-bill hornbill (Aceros waldeni)
Sulu hornbill (Anthracoceros montani)
Visayan hornbill (Penelopides panini)
Order Piciformes
Imperial woodpecker (Campephilus imperialis)
Okinawa woodpecker (Sapheopipo noguchii)
Order Passeriformes
Royal cinclodes (Cinclodes aricomae)
White-browed tit-spinetail (Leptasthenura xenothorax)
Alagoas foliage-gleaner (Philydor novaesi)
Black-hooded antwren (Formicivora erythronotos)
Alagoas antwren (Myrmotherula snowi)
Stresemann?s bristlefront (Merulaxis stresemanni)
Kinglet calyptura (Calyptura cristata)
Peruvian plantcutter (Phytotoma raimondii)
Gurney?s pitta (Pitta gurneyi)
Rudd?s lark (Heteromirafra ruddi)
White-eyed river-martin (Pseudochelidon sirintarae)
Liberian greenbul (Phyllastrephus leucolepis)
Bulo Burti bush-shrike (Laniarius liberatus)
S?o Tom? fiscal shrike (Lanius newtoni)
Uluguru bush-shrike (Malaconotus alius)
Mount Kupe bush-shrike (Telophorus kupeensis)
Zapata wren (Ferminia cerverai)
Niceforo?s wren (Thryothorus nicefori)
Taita apalis (Apalis fuscigularis)
Rodrigues warbler (Bebrornis rodericanus)
Seychelles magpie-robin (Copsychus sechellarum)
Grey-crowned crocias (Crocias langbianis)
Cerulean paradise-flycatcher (Eutrichomyias rowleyi)
Olomao (Myadestes lanaiensis)
Kamao (Myadestes myadestinus)
Puaiohi (Myadestes palmeri)
Long-billed tailorbird (Orthotomus moreaui)
Rarotonga monarch (Pomarea dimidiata)
Tahiti monarch (Pomarea nigra)
White-throated jungle-flycatcher (Rhinomyias albigularis)
Seychelles paradise-flycatcher (Terpsiphone corvina)
Long-legged thicketbird (Trichocichla rufa)
Taita thrush (Turdus helleri)
Amami thrush (Zoothera major)
Cebu flowerpecker (Dicaeum haematostictum)
Scarlet-collared flowerpecker (Dicaeum retrocinctum)
White-chested white-eye (Zosterops albogularis)
Mauritius olive white-eye (Zosterops chloronothos)
Kulal white-eye (Zosterops kulalensis)
Seychelles white-eye (Zosterops modestus)
Mount Karthala white-eye (Zosterops mouroniensis)
Rota white-eye (Zosterops rotensis)
Taita white-eye (Zosterops silvanus)
Black-eared miner (Manorina melanotis)
Bishop?s oo (Moho bishopi)
Kauai oo (Moho braccatus)
Pale-headed brush-finch (Atlapetes pallidiceps)
Venezuelan flowerpiercer (Diglossa venezuelensis)
Gauadalupe junco (Junco insularis)
Cherry-throated tanager (Nemosia rourei)
Tumaco seedeater (Sporophila insulata)
Entre R?os seedeater (Sporophila zelichi)
Grey-headed warbler (Basileuterus griseiceps)
Semper?s warbler (Leucopeza semperi)
Paria whitestart (Myioborus pariae)
Bachman?s warbler (Vermivora bachmanii)
Nukupuu (Hemignathus lucidus)
Poo-uli (Melamprosops phaeosoma)
Oahu alauahio (Paroreomyza maculata)
Ou (Psittirostra psittacea)
San Andr?s vireo (Vireo caribaeus)
Forbes?s blackbird (Curaeus forbesi)
S?o Tom? grosbeak (Neospiza concolor)
Mauritius fody (Foudia rubra)
Ibadan malimbe (Malimbus ibadanensis)
Pohnpei mountain starling (Aplonis pelzelni)
Bali starling (Leucopsar rothschildi)
Isabela oriole (Oriolus isabellae)
Grand Comoro drongo (Dicrurus fuscipennis)
Mayotte drongo (Dicrurus waldenii)
Hawaiian crow (Corvus hawaiiensis)
Mariana crow (Corvus kubaryi)
Class REPTILIA (REPTILES)
Order Crocodylia
Chinese alligator (Alligator sinensis)
Orinoco crocodile (Crocodylus intermedius)
Philippines crocodile (Crocodylus mindorensis)
Siamese crocodile (Crocodylus siamensis)
Order Sauria
Monsterrat galliwasp (Diploglossus montisserrati)
Smith?s dwarf chamaeleon (Bradypodion taeniabronchum)
Paraguanan ground gecko (Lepidoblepharis montecanoensis)
Roosevelt?s giant anole (Anolis roosevelti)
Fiji crested iguana (Brachylophus vittensis)
Jamaican iguana (Cyclura collei)
Anegada rock iguana (Cyclura pinguis)
Ricord?s iguana (Cyclura ricordi)
Hierro giant lizard (Gallotia simonyi)
Bermuda rock skink (Eumeces longirostris)
Allan?s lerista (Lerista allanae)
Saint Croix ground lizard (Ameiva polops)
Order Serpentes
Antiguan racer (Alsophis antiguae)
Black racer (Alsophis ater)
St. Vincent blacksnake (Chironius vincenti)
Kikuzato?s brook snake (Opisthotropis kikuzatoi)
Golden lancehead (Bothrops insularis)
Aruba Island rattlesnake (Crotalus unicolor)
Cyclades blunt-nosed viper (Macrovipera schweizeri)
Order Testudines
Dahl?s toad-headed turtle (Phrynops dahli)
Western swamp turtle (Pseudoemydura umbrina)
Hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata)
Kemp?s ridley (Lepidochelys kempii)
Painted terrapin (Callagur borneoensis)
Arakan forest turtle (Geoemyda depressa)
Burmese starred tortoise (Geochelone radiata)
Cuatro Cienegas softshell (Apalone ater)
Black softshell turtle (Aspideretes nigricans)
Striped narrow-headed softshell turtle (Chitra chitra)
Class AMPHIBIA (AMPHIBIANS)
Order Anura
Golden toad (Bufo periglenes)
Ferreret (Alytes muletensis)
Yellow-spotted tree frog (Litoria flavipunctata)
Amoured frog (Litoria lorica)
Nyakala frog (Litoria pearsoniana)
Peppered tree frog (Litoria piperata)
Gastric brooding frog (Rheobatrachus silus)
Sharp-nosed torrent frog (Taudactylus acutirostris)
Mt. Glorius torrent frog (Taudactylus diurnus)
Tinkling frog (Taudactylus rheophilus)
Order Caudata
Lake Lerma salamander (Ambystoma lermaense)
Desert slender salamander (Batrachoseps aridus)
Sardinian brook salamander (Euprocyus platycephalus)
Class ELASMOBRANCHII (SHARKS AND RAYS)
Order Lamniformes
Sand tiger shark (Carcharias taurus)
Order Carchariniformes
Ganges shark (Glyphis gangeticus)
Class ACTINOPTERYGII
Order Acipenseriformes
Yangtze sturgeon (Acipenser dabryanus)
Common sturgeon (Acipenser sturio)
Syr-Dar shovelnose sturgeon (Pseudoscaphirhynchus fedtschenkoi)
Small Amu-Dar shovelnose sturgeon (Pseudoscaphirhynchus hermanni)
Alabama sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus suttkusi)
Chinese paddlefish (Psephurus gladius)
Order Cypriniformes
Twee River redfin (Barbus erubescens)
Petropsaro (Barbus euboicus)
Border barb (Barbus trevelyani)
Sardinita bocagrande (Cyprinella bocagrande)
Barred danio (Danio pathirana)
Sardinita quijarrona (Dionda mandibularis)
Charalito saltillo (Gila modesta)
Charalito chihuahua (Gila nigrescens)
Clanwilliam sandfish (Labeo seeberi)
White River spinedace (Lepidomeda albivallis)
Bagangan (Mandibularca resinus)
Moapa dace (Moapa coriacea)
Cahaba shiner (Notropis buccula)
Cape Fear shiner (Notropis mekistocholas)
Sardinita de Tepelmene (Notropis moralesi)
Bitungu (Ospatulus truncatus)
Yag baligi (Phoxinellus anatolicus)
Ci?ek (Phoxinellus handlirschi)
Berg River redfin (Pseudobarbus burgi)
Maluti minnow (Pseudobarbus quathlambae)
Pait (Puntius amarus)
Baolan (Puntius baoulan)
Bagangan (Puntius clemensi)
Disa (Puntius disa)
Katapa-tapa (Puntius flavifuscus)
Katolo (Puntius katalo)
Kandar (Puntius lanaoensis)
Manalak (Puntius manalak)
Tras (Puntius tras)
Palata (Spratellicypris palata)
Cui-ui (Chasmistes cujus)
Order Siluriformes
Smoky madtom (Noturus baileyi)
Scioto madtom (Noturus trautmani)
Barnard?s rock-catfish (Austroglanis barnardi)
Cave catfish (Clarias cavernicola)
Incomati suckermouth (Chiloglanis bifurcus)
Order Salmoniformes
Swan galaxias (Galaxias fontanus)
Barred galaxias (Galaxias fuscus)
Clarence galaxias (Galaxias johnstoni)
Pedder galaxias (Galaxias pedderensis)
Shortnose cisco (Coregonus reighardi)
Apache trout (Oncorhynchus apache)
Ala balik (Salmo platycephalus)
Order Percopsiformes
Alabama cavefish (Speoplatyrhinus poulsoni)
Order Gadiformes
Skulpin (Physiculus helenaensis)
Order Lophiiformes
Spotted handfish (Brachionichthys hirsutus)
Order Atheriniformes
Sentani rainbowfish (Chilatherina sentaniensis)
Lake Wanam rainbowfish (Glossolepis wanamensis)
Glass blue-eye (Kiunga ballochi)
Charal de Alchichica (Poblana alchichica)
Zona (Rheocles wrightae)
Red-finned blue-eye (Scaturiginichthys vermeilipinnis)
Order Cyprinodontiformes
Leon Springs pupfish (Cyprinodon bovinus)
Cachorrito de Mezquital (Cyprinodon meeki)
Cachorrito Cabezon (Cyprinodon pachycephalus)
Pecos pupfish (Cyprinodon pecosensis)
Cachorrito de Dorsal Larga (Cyprinodon verecundus)
Cachorrito de Charco Azul (Cyprinodon veronicae)
Sardinilla Cuatro Cienegas (Lucania interioris)
Opal goodeid (Allotoca maculata)
Mexclapique (Girardinichthys viviparus)
Guayacon bocon (Gambusia eurystoma)
Molly del Tamesi (Poecilia latipunctata)
Molly del Teapa (Poecilia sulphuraria)
Platy Monterrey (Xiphophorus couchianus)
Order Beloniformes
Duck-billed buntingi (Adrianichthys kruyti)
Popta?s buntingi (Xenoopoecilus poptae)
Order Gasterosteiformes
Ellinopygosteos (Pungitius hellenicus)
Order Syngnathiformes
River pipefish (Syngnathus watermayeri)
Order Scorpaeniformes
Boccacio rockfish (Sebastes paucispinus)
Pygmy sculpin (Cottus pygmaeus)
Order Perciformes
Giant sea bass (Stereolepis gigas)
Speckled hind (Epinephelus drummondhayi)
Jewfish (Epinephelus itajara)
Warsaw grouper (Epinephelus nigritus)
Asprete (Romanichthys valsanicola)
Apron (Zingel asper)
Totoaba (Totoaba macdonaldi)
Dikume (Konia dikume)
Konye (Konia eisentrauti)
Myaka myaka (Myaka myaka)
Damba mipentina (Paretroplus maculatus)
Kotso (Paretroplus petiti)
Trondo mainty (Ptychochromoides betsileanus)
Pungu (Pungu maclareni)
Fissi (Sarotherodon caroli)
Unga (Sarotherodon linnellii)
Leka Keppe (Sarotherodon lohbergeri)
Kululu (Sarotherodon steinbachi)
Nsess (Stomatepia mariae)
Mongo (Stomatepia mongo)
Pindu (Stomatepia pindu)
Otjikoto tilapia (Tilapia guinasana)
St. Helena dragonet (Callionymus sanctaehclenae)
Elizabeth Springs goby (Chlamydogobius gloveri)
Edgbaston goby (Chlamydogobius squamigenus)
Dwarf pygmy goby (Pamdaka pygmaea)
Poso bungu (Weberogobius amadi)
Southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii)
Order Pleuronectiformes
Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus)
Class CRUSTACEA (CRUSTACEANS)
Order Amphipoda
Pennsylvania cave amphipod (Crangonyx dearolfi)
Order Anostraca
Florida fairy shrimp (Dexteria floridana)
Stone Mountain fairy shrimp (Branchinella lithaca)
Order Decapoda
Shasta crayfish (Pacifastacus fortis)
Alabama cave shrimp (Palaemonias alabamae)
Oklahoma cave crayfish (Cambarus tartarus)
Hell Creek crayfish (Cambarus zophonastes)
Kiamichi crayfish (Orconectes saxatilius)
Nashville crayfish (Orcoectes shoupi)
Silver Glen Springs cave crayfish (Procambarus attiguus)
Big-cheeked cave crayfish (Procambarus delicatus)
Putman County cave crayfish (Procambarus morrisi)
Tree hole crab (Globonautes macropus)
Class INSECTA (INSECTS)
Order Coleoptera
Delta green ground beetle (Elaphrus viridis)
American burying beetle (Nicrophorus americanus)
Order Dermaptera
Saint Helena earwig (Labidura herculeana)
Order Diptera
Tasmanian torrent midge (Edwardsina tasmaniensis)
Order Orthoptera
Torreya pygmy grasshopper (Tettigidea empedonepia)
Middlekauf?s shieldback katydid (Idiostatus middlekaufi)
Santa Monica shieldback katydid (Nebuba longipennis)
Class BIVALVIA (BIVALVES)
Order Unionoida
Louisiana pearlshell (Margaritifera hembeli)
Ouachita rock pocketbook (Arkansia wheeleri)
Dromedary pearly mussel (Dromus dromas)
Tar River spinymussel (Elliptio steinstansana)
Shiny pigtoe (Fusconaia cor)
Alabama lampmussel (Lampsilis virescens)
Carolina heelsplitter (Lasmigona decorata)
Coosa moccasinshell (Medionidus parvulus)
White wartyback (Plethobasus cicatricosus)
Appalachian monkeyface (Quadrula sparsa)
Class GASTROPODA (GASTROPODS)
Order Basommatophora
Thickshell pondsnail (Stagnicola utahensis)
Shoal sprite (Amphigyra alabamensis)
Australian freshwater limpet (Ancylastrum cumingianus)
Order Mesogastropoda
Cahaba pebblesnail (Clappia cahabensis)
Lily Shoals elimia (Elimia annettae)
Puzzle elimia (Elimia vanuxemiana)
Pagoda slitshell (Gyrotoma pagoda)
Bigmouth rocksnail (Leptoxis occultata)
Order Stylommatophora
San Nicolas Island snail (Micrarionta facta)
Catalina Mountain snail (Radiocentrum avalonense)
Fat Guam partula (Partula gibba)
Kanab amber snail (Oxyloma kanabense)
Sources for animal list:
Walter, Kerry S., and Harriet J. Gillett, eds. 1998. 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. Compiled by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN ? The World Conservation Union.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Endangered Species. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants. Reprint of 50 CFR 17.11 and 17.12 current as of January 31, 1998. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Management Authority. Appendices I, II, and III to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. Washington, C.D.: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
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PLANTS
These are only a few of the approximately 25,000 plant species at risk of extinction in the wild today. Gardeners who are concerned about the overexploitation of wild plant populations can educate themselves about protections governing plant sales. Information about laws pertaining to plants can be obtained from most state natural resources departments or similar agencies. Gardeners should be aware that nurseries can carry supplies of endangered plants that were cultivated legally, rather than taken from wild populations. Consumers can ask plant vendors about the source of plants they know to be endangered and refrain from buying plants that are of wild origin.
The following list is a sampling of species at risk and is not organized by class or order. It was compiled from three separate sources, as noted.
A partial list of plants designated as "Endangered" by IUCN ? The World Conservation Union: *
Louisiana quillwort (Isoetes louisianensis)
Horseshoe fern (Marattia salicina nor)
Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba)
Schimper?s toxocarpus (Toxocarpus schimperianus)
Virginia round-leaf birch (Betula uber)
Large-flowered fiddleneck (Amsinckia grandiflora)
Fragrant prickly-apple cactus (Cereus eriophorus)
Tree cactus (Cereus robinii)
Star cactus (Astrophytum asterias)
Fibrosa she oak (Casuarina fibrosa)
Tennessee purple coneflower (Echinacea tennesseensis)
Okeechobee gourd (Cucurbita okeechobeensis)
Bois de fer (Vateria seychellarum)
Bois de prune blanc (Drypetes caustica)
Pondberry (Lindera melissifolia)
Leafless acacia (Acacia aphyela)
Ash meadows milk-vetch (Astragalus phoenix)
Gigasiphon (Gigasiphon macrosiphon)
White gum (Eucalyptus argophloia)
Silver gum (Eucalyptus crenulata)
Lord Howe Island passionfruit (Passiflora herbertiana insulae-howei)
Dall?s pittosporum (Pitto sporumdallii)
Green pitcher plant (Sarracenia oreophila)
San Clemente Island Indian paintbrush (Castilleja grisea)
Furbish lousewort (Pedicularis furbishiae)
West Himalayan elm (Ulmus wallichiana)
Arizona agave (Agave arizonica)
Egyptian papyrus (Cyperus papyrus hadidii)
Western lily (Lilium occidentale)
Mellblom?s spider orchid (Calenia hastata)
Sunshine diuris orchid (Diuris fragantissima)
Madeira net-leaf orchid (Goodyera macrophylla)
Javan phalaenopsis orchid (Phalaenopsis javanica)
Yellow sobralia orchid (Sobralia xumtholeuca)
Dotalu palm (Loxococcus rupicola)
Bankouale palm (Wissmania carinensis)
*The list above was compiled from:
Freedman, Bill, ed. 1999. Encyclopedia of Endangered Species Volume 2. Detroit and London: Gale Research International Limited.
A partial list of plants designated as "Endangered" by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: **
Large-fruited sand-verbena (Abronia macrocarpa)
San Mateo thornmint (Acanthomintha obvata duttonii)
San Diego thornmint (Acanthomintha ilicifolia)
Round-leaved chaff-flower (Achyanthes splendens var. rotundata)
Northern wild monkshood (Aconitum noveboracense)
Sandplain gerardia (Agalinis acuta)
Arizona agave (Agave arizonica)
Mahoe (Alectryon macrococcus)
Munz?s onion (Allium munzii)
Sonoma alopecurus (Alopecurus aequalis var. sonomensis)
Seabeach amaranth (Amaranthus pumilus)
South Texas ambrosia (Ambrosia cheiranthifolia)
Crenulate lead-plant (Amorpha crenulata)
Large-flowered fiddleneck (Amsinckia grandiflora)
Kearney?s blue-star (Amsonia keameyana)
Tobusch fishhook cactus (Ancistrocactus tobuschii)
Hoffmann?s rock-cress (Arabis hoffmannii)
McDonald?s rock-cress (Arabis mcdonaldiana)
Braun?s rock cress (Arabis perstellata)
Shale barren rock-cress (Arabis serotina)
Dwarf bear-poppy (Arctomecon humilis)
Presidio (or Raven?s) manzanita (Arctostaphylos hookeri var. ravenii)
Del Mar manzanita (Arctostaphylos glandulosa crassifolia)
Santa Rosa Island manzanita (Arctostaphylos confertiflora)
Cumberland sandwort (Arenaria cumberlandensis)
Marsh sandwort (Arenaria paludicola)
Sacramento prickly-poppy (Argemone pleiacantha pinnatisecta)
Pelos del diablo (Aristida portoricensis)
Four-petal pawpaw (Asimina tetramera)
Cushenbury milk-vetch (Astragalus albens)
Applegate?s milk-vetch (Astragalus applegatei)
Pyne?s (or Guthrie?s) ground-plum (Astragalus bibullatus)
Braunton?s milk-vetch (Astragalus brauntonii)
Clara Hunt?s milk-vetch (Astragalus clarianus)
Sentry milk-vetch (Astragalus cremnophylax var. cremnophylax)
Mancos milk-vetch (Astragalus humillimus)
Lane Mountain (or Coolgardie) milk-vetch (Astragalus jaegerianus)
Coachella Valley milk-vetch (Astragalus lentiginosus var. coachellaae)
Osterhout milk-vetch (Astragalus osterhoutii)
Jesup?s milk-vetch (Astragalus robbinsii var. jesupi)
Coastal dunes milk-vetch (Astragalus tener var. titi)
Triple-ribbed milk-vetch (Astragalus tricarinatus)
Star cactus (Astrophytum asterias)
San Jacinto Valley crownscale (or saltbush) (Atriplex coronata var. notatior)
Texas ayenia (Ayenia limitaris)
Palo de Ram?n (Banara vanderbiltii)
Hairy rattleweed (Baptista arachnifera)
Nevin?s barberry (Berberis nevinii)
Island barberry (Berberis pinnata insularis)
Truckee barberry (Berberis sonnei)
Sonoma sunshine (Baker?s stickyseed) (Blennosperma bakeri)
Vahl?s boxwood (Buxus vahlii)
Cap? rosa (P?ndula cimarrona) (Callicarpa ampla)
Texas poppy-mallow (Callirhoe scabriuscula)
Stebbins? morning-glory (Calystegia stebbinisii)
Brooksville (Robins?) bellflower (Campanula robinsiae)
Small-anthered bittercress (Cardamine micranthera)
White sedge (Carex albida)
Tiburon paintbrush (Castilleja affinis neglecta)
San Clemente Island Indian paintbrush (Castilleja grisea)
Soft-leaved paintbrush (Castilleja mollis)
California jewelflower (Caulanthus californicus)
Coyote ceanothus (Coyote Valley California-lilac) (Ceanothus ferrisae)
Pine Hill ceanothus (Ceanothus roderickii)
Kamanomano (Cenchrus agrimonioides)
?Awiwi (Centaurium sebaeoides)
Catalina Island mountain-mahogany (Cercocarpus traskiae)
Fragrant prickly-apple (Cereus eriophorus var. fragrans)
Deltoid spurge (Chamaesyce deltoidea deltoidea)
Pygmy fringe-tree (Chionanthus pygmaeus)
Howell?s spineflower (Chorizanthe howellii)
Orcutt?s spineflower (Chorizanth orcuttiana)
Ben Lomond spineflower (Chorizanth pungens var. hartwegiana)
Robust spineflower (Chorizanth robusta [vars. robusta and hartwegii])
Sonoma spineflower (Chorizanth valida)
Florida golden aster (Chrysopsis floridana)
Chorro Creek bog thistle (Cirsium fontinale var. obispoense)
Fountain thistle (Cirsium fontinale var. fontinale)
Suisun thistle (Cirsium hydrophilum var. hydrophilium)
Presidio clarkia (Clarkia franciscana)
Vine Hill clarkia (Clarkia imbricata)
Pismo clarkia (Clarkia speciosa immaculata)
Morefield?s leather-flower (Clematis morefieldii)
Alabama leather-flower (Clematis socialis)
Short-leaved rosemary (Conradina brevifolia)
Etonia rosemary (Conradina etonia)
Apalachicola rosemary (Conradina glabra)
Salt marsh bird?s-beak (Cordylanthus maritimus maritimus)
Palmate-bracted bird?s-beak (Cordylanthus palmatus)
Pennell?s bird?s-beak (Cordylanthus tenius capillaris)
Soft bird?s-beak (Cordylanthus mollis mollis)
Palo de nigua (Cap? jug?erilla) (Cornuita obovata)
Nellie cory cactus (Coryphantha minima)
Pima pineapple cactus (Coryphantha scheeri var. robustispina)
Sneed pincushion cactus (Coryphantha sneedii)
Higuero de Sierra (Crescentia portoricensis)
Avon Park harebells (Crotalaria avonensis)
Terlingua Creek cats-eye (Cryptantha crassipes)
Okeechobee gourd (Cucurbita okeechobeensis okeechobeensis)
Haha (Cyanea spp.)
Mapele (Cyrtandra cyaneoides)
Leafy prairie-clover (Dalea foliosa)
Beautiful pawpaw (Deeringothamnus pulchellus)
Rugel?s pawpaw (Deeringothamnus rugelii)
San Clemente Island larkspur (Delphinium variegatum kinkiense)
Garrett?s mint (Dicerandra christmanii)
Longspurred mint (Dicerandra cornutissima)
Scrub mint (Dicerandra frutescens)
Lakela?s mint (Dicerandra immaculata)
Slender-horned spineflower (Dodecahema leptoceras)
Santa Clara Valley dudleya (Dudleya setchellii)
Santa Barbara Island liveforever (Dudleya traskiae)
Smooth coneflower (Echinacea laevigata)
Tennessee purple coneflower (Echinacea tennesseensis)
Nichol?s Turk?s head cactus (Echinocactus hoeizontalonius var. nicholii)
Kuenzler hedgehog cactus (Echinocereus fendleeri var. kuensleri)
Lloyd?s hedgehog cactus (Echinocereus lloydii)
Black lace cactus (Echinocereus reichenbachii var. albertii)
Arizona hedgehog cactus (Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. arizonicus)
Davis? green pitaya (Echinocereus viridiflorus var. davisii)
Fosberg?s love grass (Eragrostis fosbergii)
Kern mallow (Eremalche kernensis)
Santa Ana River woolly-star (Eriastrum densifolium sanctorum)
Indian Knob mountain balm (Eriodictyon altissimum)
Cushenbury buckwheat (Eriogonum ovalifolium var. vineum)
Steamboat buckwheat (Eriogonum olifolium var. williamsiae)
Clay-loving wild-buckwheat (Eriogonum pelinophilum)
San Mateo woolly sunflower (Eriophyllum latilobum)
San Diego button-celery (Eryngium aristulatum var. parishii)
Loch Lomond coyote-thistle (Eryngium constancei)
Snakeroot (Eryngium cuneifolium)
Contra Costa wallflower (Erysimum capitatum var. angustatum)
Menzies? wallflower (Erysimum menziesii)
Ben Lomond wallflower (Erysimum teretifolium)
Minnesota dwarf trout lily (Erthronium propullans)
Uvillo (Eugenia haematocarpa)
Nioi (Eugenia koolauensis)
Johnston?s frankenia (Frankenia johnstonii)
Pine Hill flannelbush (Fremontodendron californicum decumbens)
Mexican flannelbush (Fremontodendron mexicanum)
Small?s milkpea (Galactia smallii)
Island bedstraw (Galium buxifolium)
El Dorado bedstraw (Galium californicum sierrae)
Na?u or Hawaiian gardenia (Gardenia brighamii)
Hawaiian red-flowered geranium (Geranium arboreum)
Spreading avens (Geum radiatum)
Monterey gilia (Gilia tenuiflora arenaria)
Hoffmann?s slender-flowered gilia (Gilia tenuiflora hoffmannii)
Beautiful goetzea or matabuey (Goetzea elegans)
Harper?s beauty (Harperocallis flava)
Todsen?s pennyroyal (Hedeoma todsenii)
Pilo (Hadyotis parvula)
Roan Mountain bluet (Hadyotis paupurea var. montana)
Na Pali beach hedyotis (Hadyotis st.-johnii)
Schweinitz?s sunflower (Helianthus schweinitzii)
Clay?s hibiscus (Hibiscus clayi)
Slender rush-pea (Hoffmannseggia tenella)
Texas prairie dawn-flower (Hmenoxys texana)
Highlands scrub hypericum (Hypericum cumulicola)
Cook?s holly (Ilex cookii)
Peter?s Mountain mallow (Iliamna corei)
Holy Ghost ipomopsis (Ipomopsis sancti-spiritus)
Hilo ischaemum (Ischaemum byrone)
Ash Meadows ivesia (Ivesia kingii var. eremica)
Beach jacquemontia (Jacquemontia reclinata)
Nogal or West Indian walnut (Juglans jamaicensis)
Cooley?s water-willow (Justicia cooleyi)
Burke?s goldfields (Lasthenia burkei)
Contra Costa goldfields (Lasthenia conjugens)
Beach layia (Layia carnosa)
San Joaquin wooly-threads (Lembertia congdonii)
Barneby ridge-cress (or peppercress) (Lepidium barnebyanum)
Missouri bladderpod (Lesquerella filiformis)
San Bernardino Mountains bladderpod (Lesquerella kingii bernardina)
White bladderpod (Lesquerella pallida)
Spring Creek bladderpod (Lesquerella perforata)
Kodachrome bladderpod (Lesquerella tumulosa)
San Francisco lessingia (Lessingia germanorum)
Scrub blazingstar (Liatris ohlingerae)
Huachuca water-umbel (Lilaeopsis schaffneriana recurva)
Western lily (Lilium occidentale)
Pitkin Marsh lily (Lilium pardalinum pitkinense)
Butte County meadowfoam (Limnanthes floccosa californica)
Sebastopol meadowfoam (Limnanthes vinculans)
Pondberry (Lindera melissifolia)
San Clemente Island woodland-star (Lithophragma maximum)
Bradshaw?s desert-parsley (or lomatium) (Lomatium bradshawii)
San Clemente Island broom (Lotus dendroideus traskiae)
Scrub lupine (Lupinus aridorum)
Clover lupine (Lupinus tidestromii)
Rough-leaved loosestrife (Lysimachia asperulaefolia)
San Clemente Island bush-mallow (Malacothamnus clementinus)
Santa Cruz Island bush-mallow (Malacothamnus fasciculatus var. nesioticus)
Santa Cruz Island malocothrix (Malacothrix indecora)
Island malacothrix (Malacothrix squalida)
Walker?s manioc (Manihot walkerae)
Michigan monkey-flower (Mimiulus glabratus var. michiganensis)
Willowy monardella (Monardella linoides viminea)
Kolea (Myrsine juddii)
Few-flowered navarretia (Navarretia leucocephala pauciflora)
Many-flowered navarretia (Navarretia leucocephala plieantha)
Amargosa niterwort (Nitrophila mohavensis)
Britton?s beargrass (Nolina brittoniana)
Eureka Valley evening-primrose (Oenothera avita eurekensis)
Antioch Dunes evening-primrose (Oenothera deltoides howellii)
Bakersfield cactus (Opuntia treleasei)
California Orcutt grass (Orcuttia californica)
Hairy (or pilose) Orcutt grass (Orcuttia pilosa)
Sacramento Orcutt grass (Orcuttia viscida)
Palo de rosa (Ottoschulzia rhodoxylon)
Canby?s dropwort (Oxypolis canbyi)
Cushenbury oxytheca (Oxytheca parishii var. goodmaniana)
Carter?s panicgrass (Panicum fauriei var. carteri)
Lake County stonecrop (Parvisedum leiocarpum)
Furbish lousewort (Pedicularis furbishhiae)
Brady pincushion cactus (Pediocactus bradyi)
San Rafael cactus (Pediocactus despanii)
Knowlton cactus (Pediocactus knowltonii)
Peebles Navajo cactus (Pediocactus peeblesianus var. peeblesianus)
Blowout penstemon (Penstemon haydenii)
Penland beardtongue (Penstemon penlandii)
White-rayed pentachaeta (Pentachaeta bellidiflora)
Lyon?s pentachaeta (Pentachaeta lyonii)
Wheeler?s peperomia (Peperomia wheeleri)
Clay phacelia (Phacelia argillacea)
North Park phacelia (Phacelia formosula)
Island phacelia (Phacelia insularis insularis)
Texas trailing phlox (Phlox nivalis texensis)
Kiponapona (Phyllostegia racemosa)
Key tree-cactus (Philosocereus robinii)
Yadon?s piperi (Piperia yadonii)
Ruth?s golden aster (Pityopsis ruthii)
Calistoga allocarya (Plagiobothrys strictus)
Chupacallos (Pleodendron macranthum)
Hala pepe (Pleomele hawaiiensis)
San Bernardino bluegrass (Poa atropurpurea)
Mann?s bluegrass (Poa mannii)
Napa bluegrass (Poa napensis)
Hawaiian bluegrass (Poa sanvicensis)
San Diego mesa mint (Pogogyne abramsii)
Otay mesa mint (Pogogyne nudiuscula)
Lewton?s polygala (Polygala lewtonii)
Tiny polygala (Polygala smallii)
Wireweed (Polygonella basiramia)
Sandlace (Polygonella myriophylla)
Little Aguja pondweed (Potamogeton clystpcarpus)
Hickman?s potentilla (Potentilla hickmanii)
Robbins? cinquefoil (Potentilla robbinsiana)
Loulu (Pritchardia affinis)
Scrub plum (Prunus geniculata)
Hartweg?s golden sunburst (Pseudobahia bahiifolia)
Harperella (Ptilimnium nodosum)
Arizona cliffrose (Purshi subintegra)
Autumn buttercup (Ranunculus acriformis var. aestivalis)
Chapman rhododendron (Rhododendron chapmanii)
Michaux?s sumac (Rhus michauxii)
Gambel?s watercress (Rorippa gambellii)
Bunched arrowhead (Sagittaria fasciculata)
Green pitcher-plant (Sarracenia oreophila)
Alabama canebrake pitcher-plant (Sarracenia rubra alabemensis)
Mountain sweet pitcher-plant (Sarracenia rubra jonesii)
Dwarf naupaka (Scaevola coriacea)
Diamond Head schiedea (Schiedea adamantis)
Barneby reed-mustard (Schoenocrambe barnebyi)
Shrubby reed-mustard (toad-flax cress) (Schoenocrambe suffrutescens)
American chaffseed (Schwalbea americana)
Northeastern (barbed bristle) bulrush (Scripus ancistrochaetus)
Wright fishhook cactus (Sclerocactus wrightiae)
Large-flowered skullcap (Scutellaria montana)
Hayun lag (Guam) or Tronkon guafi (Rota) (Serianthes nelsonii)
Santa Cruz Island rockcress (Sibara filifolia)
Kenwood Marsh checker-mallow (Sidalcea oregana valida)
Pedate checker-mallow (Sidalcea pedata)
Fringed campion (Silene polypetala)
White irisette (Sisyrinchium dichotomum)
Erubia (Solanum drymophilum)
Short?s goldenrod (Solidago shortii)
Gentian pinkroot (Spegelia gentianoides)
Canelo Hills ladies?-tresses (Spiranthes delitescens)
Navasota ladies?-tresses (Spiranthes parksii)
Malheur wire-lettuce (Stephanomeria malheurensis)
Metcalf Canyon jewelflower (Streptanthus albidus albidus)
Tiburon jewelflower (Streptanthus niger)
Palo de jazm?n (Styrax portoricensis)
Texas snowbells (Styrax texanus)
California seablite (Suaeda californica)
Eureka Dune grass (Swallenia alexandrae)
California taraxacum (Taraxacum californicum)
Palo colorado (Ternstroemia luquillensis)
Pamakani (Tetramolopium capillare)
Cooley?s meadowrue (Thalictrum cooleyi)
Slender-petaled mustard (Thelypodium stenopetalum)
Ashy dogweed (Thymophylla tephroleuca)
Santa Cruz Island fringepod (Thysanocarpus conchuliferus)
Bariaco (or guayabac?n) (Trichilia triacantha)
Showy Indian clover (Trifolium amoenum)
Running buffalo clover (Trifolium stoloniferum)
Monterey (or Del Monte) clover (Trifolium trichocalyx)
Persistent trillium (Trilium persistens)
Relict trillium (Trilium reliquum)
Greene?s tuctoria (Greene?s Orcutt grass) (Tuctoria greenei)
Solano grass (Tuctoria mucronata)
Hawaiian vetch (Vicia menziesii)
Wide-leaf warea (Warea amplexifolia)
Carter?s mustard (Warea carteri)
Tennessee yellow-eyed grass (Xyris tennesseensis)
St. Thomas prickly-ash (Zanthoxylum thomasianum)
Texas wild-rice (Zizania texana)
Florida ziziphus (Ziziphus celata)
Western prairie fringed orchid (threatened) (Platanthera praeclara)
Eastern prairie fringed orchid (threatened) (Platanthera leucophaea)
** The list above was compiled from:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Endangered Species. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants. Reprint of 50 CFR 17.11 and 17.12 current as of January 31, 1998. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
A partial list of plants listed in Appendix I of the CITES treaty, which means that they are "threatened with extinction and are or may be affected by international trade": ***
New River agave (Agave arizonica)
Little princess agave (Agave parviflora)
Dehesa beargrass (Nolina interrata)
Elephant?s trunks (Pachypodium baronii)
Monkey-puzzle tree (Araucaria araucana)
Living-rock cactus (Ariocarpus spp.)
Star cactus (Astrophytum asterias)
Aztec cactus (Aztekium ritteri)
Nellie?s corycactus (Escobaria minima)
Sneed?s pincushion cactus (Coryphantha sneedii)
Jabali pincushion cactus (Coryphantha werdermanii)
Lindsay?s cactus (Echinocereus lindsayi)
Lamb?s-tail cactus (Echinocereus schmollii)
Artichoke cactus (Obregonia denegrii)
Teddy-bear cactus (Pachycereus militaris)
Brady?s pincushion cactus (Pediocactus bradyi)
Despain?s cactus (Pediocactus despainii)
Knowlton?s cactus (Pediocactus knowltonii)
Paradine?s cactus (Pediocactus paradinei)
Peebles? Navajo cactus (Pediocactus peeblesianus)
Siler?s pincushion cactus (Pediocactus sileri)
Winkler?s cactus (Pediocactus winkleri)
Hatchet cactus (Pelecyphora spp.)
Tobusch?s fishhook cactus (Sclerocactus brevihamaticus)
Grama-grass cactus (Sclerocactus papyracanthus)
Uinta Basin hookless cactus (Sclerocactus glaucus)
Red Spine fishhook cactus (Sclerocactus erectocentrus)
Mariposa cactus (Sclerocactus mariposensis)
Mesa Verde cactus (Sclerocactus mesae-verdae)
Great Basin fishhook cactus (Sclerocactus pubispinus)
Writght?s fishhook cactus (Sclerocactus wrightiae)
Disk cactus (Strombocactus spp.)
Turbinicacti (Turbinicarpus spp.)
Kuth (Saussurea costus)
Laguna Beach dudleya (Dudleya stolonifera)
Santa Barbara Island dudleya (Dudleya traskiae)
Alerce (Fitsroya cupressoides)
Beddomes?s cycad (Cycas beddomei)
Euphorbias (Euphorbiaceae spp.)
Brazilian rosewood (Dalbergia nigra)
Spiral aloe (Aloe polyphylla)
Indian pitcher-plant (Nepenthes khasiana)
Kanabalu pitcher-plant (Nepenthes rajah)
Christmas orchid (Cattleya trianae)
Lady?s slipper orchid (Paphiopedilum spp.)
Holy ghost orchid (Peristeria elata)
Slipper orchid (Phragmipedium spp.)
Red vanda orchid (Renathera imschootiana)
Blue vanda orchid (Vanda coerulea)
Guatemalan fir (Abies guatemalensis)
Parlatore?s podocarp (Podocarpus parlatorei)
Marsh rose protea (Orothamnus zeyheri)
Ayuque (Balmea stormiae)
Alabama canebrake pitcher-plant (Sarracenia alabamensis spp.)
Mountain sweet pitcher-plant (Sarracenia jonesii)
Green pitcher-plant (Sarracenia oreophila)
Hottentot?s head (Stangeria eriopus)
Cycads (Chigua spp.)
Bread-palms (Encephalartos spp.)
Palma corcho (Microcycas calocoma)
That's a lot of plants and animals in danger of extinction! It wouldn't take many years though for this list (as it is) to shrink if one species became extinct everyday.
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birdwomen06
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Replying to Topic 'Enviroment issues' |
Posted: 08-11-03 13:50:49 |
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Mary Jane
Location: Piqua, Ohio
Joined: 6th Apr 03
IP: Hidden
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I just found this:
"The estimated number of species has ranged from a few million for the world to more than a tenth of a billion just in the oceans."
I don't think anybody (but God) knows how many species there are, right now there's just estimates.
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not_as_noun
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Replying to Topic 'Enviroment issues' |
Posted: 08-11-03 15:40:55 |
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Senior Member
Location: Northwestern Georgia
Joined: 26th Jun 03
IP: Hidden
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I imagine that 25,000 will keep us going for a little while. Let's see, 25,000 divided by 365... about 68. 100,000,000 (one tenth of a billion) divided by 365 is about 273,972. One million divided by 365 is slightly more than 2,739, multiplied by three is 8,219.
Now, I've heard that it's estimated the earth will not be able to support life after about 600 years from now. I'm not too worried about the earth running out of organisms.
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TigerCat
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Replying to Topic 'Enviroment issues' |
Posted: 08-11-03 19:58:47 |
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nerd!
Location: CNS--NY
Joined: 24th Nov 02
IP: Hidden
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so, not as_noun, are you saying you want animals to die off?
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