Anatomy
From Science Olympiad Student Center Event Wiki
| Anatomy Event Links |
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| Forum Thread: 2009 2010 |
| Test Exchange: 2009 |
Contents |
Description
Students are given time to move to as many stations as possible or given a packet while answering questions about the anatomy of humans. It will be related to two major body systems. This year consists of knowledge of the Muscular system and the Skeletal systems.
The Stations
There will be between 10 and 20 stations. They will be marked with Roman Numerals (I,II,III,IV,V...) or they will be numbered (1,2,3,4,5). There will be corresponding pages in your packet with each of the stations. There will be blank lines and they will be numbered (Question 1a,1b,1c,2,3a,3b). On the table, there will be a question sheet with a model or a diagram. On the question sheet it may ask you to identify certain sections of the diagram or model(1a is the right ventricle ,1b is the interventricular septum,1c is the aorta) in your packet on the appropriate line. At some stations, they will include the names of parts, leaving you to organize them. In others, they will require you to know the parts. Along with identification, you will be required to answer questions on the sheet. They may be multiple choice (When it is cold, do your blood vessels a. move deeper in your body, b. move closer the skin, or c. do not move at all) or they could be short answer (describe the order of sound moving through the ear). Record your answers in the answer packet. The major topic may not be the topic that shows up the most. Students may or may not have a time limit at stations. There may also be a different type of testing, where students are given 60 seconds to look at a PowerPoint? slide and answer the question/questions on that slide. The whole group will be tested at once.
There is also a strong possibility that a model would be used. For example, the event writer could use a heart model, a mannequin of the whole body, or a skeleton to base questions off of. To do well on an identification station like this, make sure you know your labeling, and be prepared to find numbers on the model fast. Sometimes it's hard to find certain numbers, so just look very hard, and eventually you will find it. If you really can't find one of the numbers just move on.
The Packet
A packet has pages/sections corresponding to the individual stations. It will have blank lines for you to record your answer. There will be no questions/diagrams in the packet, so all work must be done at the corresponding station. All answers must be recorded in the packet. Spelling does count in the packet. Points may also be taken away if the packet is not neat or legible. As you record your answers, make sure the you are recording on the right page/section/question. This may save you time and effort. Also, it is very possible for there to be lines for your team name, team number, or the participants' names on each page. No matter what, ALWAYS make sure you fill out that information on each page, for if you don't, they can take off points.
Materials
The only materials are a pencil along with a good eraser, a non-programmable calculator, and a 2 SIDED PAGE OF NOTES. NO OTHER RESOURCES ARE ALLOWED. Students must REMEMBER all Diagrams and study material. However, making a binder is still strongly recommended to help study the needed information. Simple diagrams often help with studying more the complicated ones do. Make sure you print the guide to this event in the event info on soinc.org A useful studying book is the Complete Gray's Anatomy. However it can be get complicated. Using a high school or high-level middle school textbook will greatly assist you in preparing for this event. Charts of the heart, bones, and cross sections of the different vessels are recommended. It is also very helpful to search around for any random questions you may have, for the variety of questions that can be asked is great. Also, flashcards are a great way to study for anything. For example put on one side of a flash card "symptoms of osteoarthritis", and on the other side put the symptoms. It is also very helpful to type up a table or list of information about the diseases, so you have a quick reference sheet to study for (whether weeks before competition, or right before it).
Preparing for this event
Make a Binder! This will help you tremendously in preparing for Anatomy. Even though you can't bring it in, it's a great way to keep all your information in the same place and to remember it.
Remember your charts and diagrams. They are very important in this event. It will account for a majority of the questions on the test. They can be used in the testing room.
Practice the calculating parts of this event. You will need to calculate blood pressure, mean arterial pressure,etc. Make up sample problems to help you prepare. And Don't forget to remember the equations for all of them!
Covered Information
You will be tested on various topics about two body systems. This year's body systems are the muscular system and the skeletal system. Topics can vary from diseases in those symptoms, to the general anatomy, and the functions of that system.
Circulatory System (not for 2010)
Skeletal System
For the skeletal system you will need to know:
- The names of the bones and their surface anatomy as shown on a diagram or X-ray
- Name, structure, and function of types of joints and ranges allowed by each joint
- Structures of bones in cross-section
- How to distinguish between types of vertebrae
- Diseases such as osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, disc herniation, and scoliosis
- Effects of exercise on the skeletal system
Skeletal System Diseases
| Disease Name | Cause | Symptoms | Treatment | Prevention | Effect on the Body |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Osteoarthritis | Faster break down of cartilage, extra strain on joints, joint injuries | Pain in joints, stiffness, limited joint movement, tenderness/swelling | Maintain healthy weight, exercise, Medications- acetaminophen, NSAIDs (Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs) | Exercise, keep healthy weight, avoid joint injuries | Break down of cartilage of joints, joints become hurtful |
| Osteoporosis | Age, Gender, more bone being absorbed than new bone being made | Back pains, stooped posture, easily broken bones, loss of height | Calcium and Vitamin D, exercise, healthy diet, Medications- calcitonin, bisphosphonates | Nutritious diet, exercise, don’t smoke, don’t drink a lot of alcohol | Thinning of the bone |
| Disc Herniation | Wear and tear of disc, injuries, strain on disc, age | Pain, numbness, weakness, leg pain, muscle pain | Limit activities, use ice or heat, aspirin, NSAIDs (Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs) | Healthy body weight, exercise, quit smoking, practice good posture | Bulging/ breaking of discs |
| Scoliosis | Disorders at birth, injuries, infections | Curvature of the spine, one shoulder stick out more than the other | Brace, pain relieving meds (aspirin, ibuprofen) | Cannot be prevented | Curvature of the spine |
| Spinal Stenosis | Osteoarthritis, formation of bone spurs in spine | Pain, loss of balance, loss of bladder control | Physical therapy, NSAIDs (Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs), rest, limited activity, back brace | Exercise, use good body mechanics, healthy weight, good posture | Narrowing in areas of spine- puts pressure on nerves |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | Genes- allow for autoimmune disorder of joints- body destroys own joints | Pain and swelling in joints, fatigue, loss of appetite, weight loss | Physical therapy, Medications- NSAIDs (Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs), DMARDs (Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs) | Cannot be prevented | Inflammation of tissues lining joints- causes destruction of joints |
| Gout | Too much uric acid in the blood, obesity, a lot of alcohol, other conditions, taking certain medications | Pain/swelling in the joint, skin around joint red and itchy, intolerable pain, fever | Rest, healthy weight, limit alcohol, Medications- NSAIDs (Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs) | Control risk factors | A kind of arthritis, formation of hard crystals in joints |
| Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis | Genetic factors, overly active immune system, infection that activates immune system | Joint pain, swelling, irritability | Exercise, assistive devices, Medications- NSAIDs (Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs), DMARDs (Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs) | Cannot be prevented | Rheumatoid arthritis in children |
Muscular System
Muscle Structure
- A Tendon attaches muscle to bone. The Epimysium (plural epimysia) is a layer of dense connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle. Its function is to protect muscles from friction that occurs between other muscles and bones. In tendons, it is thicker and contains more collagen.
- The muscle consists of many Fascicles (aka bundles) of muscle fibers. Each fasicle is wrapped in a connective tissue covering called the Perimysium.
- The Endomysium consists mostly of reticular fibers. It is the sheath of connective tissue surrounding a fiber.
- The skeletal muscle fiber is a cell.
- The Sarcolemma is the plasma membrane.
- It has multiple inward extensions which form a set of T Tubules (the T stands for Transverse).
- The Sarcoplasm is the cytoplasm & the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum is the endoplasmic reticulum.
- Myofibrils are the cylindrical organelles found inside a muscle fiber.
- Myofilamentsare the filaments of a myofibril.
- Myofilaments are organized into repeating units called Sarcomeres.
- Above is a picture of the structure of sarcomere.
- There are two types of myofilaments. Myosin filaments are thick and Actin filaments are thin.
- Z lines separate myofibrils into the compartments called sarcomeres.
- I bands are where there are only thin filaments.
- H zones are where there are only thick filaments.
- A bands are all along the thick filaments. (some overlapping)
When muscles contract, the I band and H zone decrease in length but the A band stays the same length.
Muscular System Diseases
| Disease | Cause | Symptoms | Prevention | Treatment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Muscular Dystrophies | Genetic mutation | Muscle weakness, lack of coordination, frequent falling, ptosis (eyelid dropping) | no cure, medications, therapy | genetic counseling,
no known cure |
| Poliomyelitis | infection with the poliovirus | fever, sore throught, vomiting, no appetite, stiffness | Polio immunization | antibiotics, medications, physical therapy, pain killers |
| Myasthenia gravis | nerve impulse to initiate or sustain movement does not reach the muscle cells sustain movement | Eyelid drooping, swallowing difficulty, double vision, trouble talking | rest, avoid extreme temperatures and emotional stress. | Medications, thymectomy, (removal of thymus gland) |
Endocrine System
Sample Exercise
Here are some sample problems for Anatomy
1. Write down the detailed path of the blood traveling through the heart, to the rest of the body, and back again.
2. List the three types of blood vessels and describe how they are different and alike.
3. What is the function of the atrium? ventricles?
4. What is the job of the Vena cava? the Aorta?
5. What does the valves of the heart do?
Disease and Drugs.
What are some of the effects of nicotine on the body?
How does caffeine affect your blood pressure?
How does alcohol affect the human body?
How will the deposit of plaque in your blood vessels affect your health? What
are some of the diseases you will get?
Calculations
If systolic pressure is 112 and diastolic pressure is 80, what is the pulse pressure? and the Mean Arterial Pressure? Please list the equations you used.
One of your classmates has a heart rate of 72, a systolic pressure of 138 and diastolic pressure of 65, and an end diastolic volume of 105 and end systolic volume of 46. What is their cardiac output? Please write the equation you used.
Below is a diagram of the spinal cord followed by a question sheet and an answer sheet. In the answer sheet, remember to imagine lines after the numbers.
5. What are the smallest kind of blood vessel?
6. Name the kind of circulation if the blood goes from the heart to the lungs.
7. Name the kind of circulation if the blood goes from the lungs to the muscles to the heart.
8. Name the layers of the heart from outside to inside.
9. Where is the transportation of nutrients to a muscle occur?
Useful links
- Most important link, to the official site of the Anatomy event
- for disease information webmd.com
- US National Library of Medicine and the National Institutes of Health
- the national institute of drug abuse
- The text and some images from Gray's Anatomy
- Detailed, interactive diagrams on parts of the systems
- Scioly Test Exchange
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
- Great tutorial on the human skeleton
Notes
Gives simple, printable diagrams: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/anatomy/titlepage.shtml
