General Dynamic Planet notes

From Science Olympiad Student Center Event Wiki

Contents

Earthquake hazards

  • ground shaking
  • subsidence
  • liquefaction
  • ground displacements
  • flooding
  • rupture of dams and levees
  • tsunamis
  • fire

Volcano Hazard

  • lahars
  • pyroclastic Flows
    • fluid mass of rock fragments and gases
  • Pyroclastic surges
    • low density flows of pryroclast
  • 3 types
  1. Base
  • base of eruption column
  1. Ash cloud
  • during main eruption column
  1. ground surges
  • base of pyroclastic flow
  • debris avalanches landslides and tsunamis
  • lava flows
    • least dangerous
    • Slow
    • destruction of property
    • may produce floods
  • volcanic gases
    • C02
    • S02
    • HCI
    • H2S
    • CO
    • CH4
    • produce acid rain
    • lake poisoning
  • Directed Blast
    • large area of damage
    • very hot blast of air
    • common

Types of eruptions

  • Strombolian
    • huge clots of molten lave
    • luminous arcs
    • can/has been used to describe many different types of eruptions
  • True stombolian
    • short explosive outbursts of pasty lava
    • No eruption Columns
    • Ejects Bombs
    • No Peles tears/hair
    • little or no flowing lava
    • a'a flows common
    • can form from a Funarole
  • Vulcanan
    • dense ash laden clouds
    • high rising eruption column
  • Peleon or Nuee Ardente
    • large amount of gas
    • glowing pyroclatic flow
  • Hawaiian
    • incandesent lava spurts
    • calmest eruptions
    • long eruptions
    • fire fountains
  • Pilian (or vesuvian)
    • volitile rich dactia lava
    • variable duration
    • longest eruption with felsic lava types
    • large eruption columns
    • dangerous


  • Lava lakes

lava forms ponds or lakes in vents craters or depressions the longest lasting lava lake was in the halemaumau crater from 1823 to 1924

volcanoes and climate change

  • two thing that can be changed
    VEI
    • Dust veil Index (DVI)
      • estimation of dust in air
    • Volcanic explosivity index (VEI)
  • volcanic eruptions emit two (major) things
    • tephra
    • volcanic gases
  • Eruptions can produce global cooling which offsets global warming and also start period sof global cooling
  • Negative Factors
    • major solar radiation change
    • changes in el nino and southern ossilation

Tsunamis

  • Tsunamis
    • generated when sea floor abruptly changes
    • when it approaches shore
      • slows
      • grows
      • erodes

Seismograph

Sample of a Siesmograph

Seismograph

  • invented by Chang Heng

Modern seismographs are normally electronic

  • drum with paper
  • bar with two hinges
  • weight
  • pen

the bar is attached to the weight,which is on the pen. when there is an earthquake The vibrations move the paper creating a record of the earthquake

seismograph

Cheng's Seismograph

his "seismograph" had 8 dragons with a ball in their mouths when there was a earthquake/tremor the ball would fall from the dragons mouth to the mouth of the toad below making noise. the dragon who ball fell out would indicate teh direction from which the earthquake came

hengs seismograph
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