Sounds of Music

Sounds of Music is an event in which two participants build two instruments, play two songs in a performance taking up less than 4 minutes, and explain the physics of sound through an interview or written test.

The Instruments
The main part of Sounds of Music is the building of the instruments. You will need to build two durable, original, and creative instruments with which you will play two pieces of music. You will also need to answer questions about the theory of your instrument and how you built it.

Building an Instrument
For this year's competition, you'll have to build two instruments: One must be a wind instrument (an aerophone, see below) and one must be a percussion instrument (an idiophone or membraphone). Note that chordophones and electrophones are NOT allowed.

When building your instruments, you'll have to be creative. No commercially available instrument parts are allowed, (i.e. mouthpieces, mallets) excepting strings. Experiment with different materials. PVC Pipe is a common material that is cheap and easy to make into an instrument; many teams will make PVC pipe aerophones.

Another common instrument under this year's rules is the xylophone. You will also want to experiment with materials if you are building one. Try different types of metal pipes and different types of wood to see what works best. There are several resources online that will give you the exact length to build the bars, but you will need to fine tune these so you get the exact pitch.

When building a xylophone you will also need to consider the material with which you build the mallets. If you use a soft material such as rubber or yarn, the percussion instrument may be drowned out by your wind instrument. If you use harder materials, the xylophone will be heard but the tone quality may suffer. Once again, you'll have to experiment to see what suits your playing style best.

Remember that your instruments MUST be in the allowable range. Your percussion instrument will be in the bass clef range (G2 to G3) and your wind instrument will be in the treble clef range (C4 to C5). It is not uncommon for teams to get knocked down a tier or two because they are in the wrong octave.

Determining Pitch

There are four basic classifications of instruments under the Hornbostel-Sachs system as shown below. The fifth, electrophones, was not included for several years after the creation of the Hornbostel-Sachs system and is not used in competition.

Idiophones
In idiophones, the vibration of the instrument itself is what creates sound. They are generally the percussion instruments that are hit, shaken, or rubbed to create sound. Resonators can also be added to these instruments to create a sound.

In this event, the major type of idiophones created are xylophones, marimbas, or chimes. So when you double the length of a bar, you cut the frequency in a fourth (put it down two active octave). So in these instruments, to go down an increment of the scale, you must decrease the note length by a factor of the 24th root of 2. These also require you to fine tune (sand/file).

Examples of idiophones include
 * Xylophones
 * Bells
 * Steel Drums
 * Wine Glasses

Membranophones
In membranophones a vibrating membrane over a resonator creates sound. This would be rather difficult to build, and I wouldn't advise it.

Examples of membranophones include
 * Tuned drums
 * Timpani
 * Kazoo (not sure whether your judge would like it though...and you'd need perfect pitch)

Aerophones
In aerophones, sound is produced by a vibrating column of air within the instrument. Pitch is changed by changing size of vibrating air.

Examples of aerophones include
 * Flutes
 * Pan Flutes
 * Tubas
 * Trombones
 * Horns/Trumpets

Chordophones
 '''NOTE: Chordophones are not allowed under the rules for 2011. They may be reinstated in a later year, but for 2011 chordophones are disallowed.'''

In Chordophones, sound is produced by a vibrating string. The vibration of strings produces standing waves producing fundamental frequency as well as harmonics (the relative abundance of these make up the timbre of your instrument). Resonators added to the string will enhance the sound by vibrating sympathetically with them.

In chordophones, the wavelength made is twice the length of the string. Since we know that velocity equals frequency time wavelength, after assuming that the velocity of sound in the string will remain constant, we find that when one doubles length, frequency will be cut in half (note goes down an octave). Because the relationship between length and frequency is exponential we know that for every increment one goes up in a scale (1/12), the note increases by a factor of the 12th root of two. You can use this fact for starting your tuning. Unfortunately, you'll need some fine tuning and many hours to get your instrument to play accurate notes due to imperfections in string and to the fact that there will be different amount of tension on different strings (when playing different notes on single guitar string, there will be different amounts of tension). This will result in different velocities of sound in the string...making this form of tuning less reliable.

Examples of chordophones include
 * Guitars
 * Violins
 * Harps
 * Zithers
 * Lyres
 * Piano/Harpsichords (a bit hard to make, not really advised)

Electrophones
 '''NOTE: Electrophones are not allowed under the rules for 2011. They may be instated in a later year, but for 2011 electrophones are disallowed.'''

Concerning electrophones, sound is produced by an electrically powered oscillator. It is highly unlikely anyone will build this type of instrument for Sounds of Music anytime in the near future, and it is also barred from competition under 2011 rules.

Examples of electrophones include
 * Theremins
 * Synthesizers

The Competition
While much of the work for the Sounds of Music event takes place behind the scenes, in the form of building, tuning, and practicing, only one part actually counts for Science Olympiad, and that is the competition.

The Setup
When you arrive in the competition room, you will be given five minutes to set up. This normally isn't a problem, as most instruments are mounted or otherwise ready to play. Some teams do bring xylophones that are not mounted or otherwise connected, and these teams will likely use the majority of the time. The room will likely have very few resources. There will be music stands where you may place your music, but other than that there is not much you can count on. Some competitions may provide a table or desks to place xylophones on, but it may be smart to bring your own portable table just in case.

During the setup time, introduce yourself to your judges. Provide information such as your name, your school name, the type of instruments you created, and the pieces you will be playing. Give the judges a score of the music you wrote at this time as well.

The Music
The required piece of music this year is Shenandoah. It is found on the second or back page of the Sounds of Music C Rules. (NOTE: The first note of the song is below the required octave. You are allowed under the rules to substitute a G for the D with no penalty). You may alter this piece by transposing it to a key to fit your instrument but the instrument which plays the melody must play the same notes as provided on the rules, with no changes. You will also be expected to compose your own harmony to this piece, which the second instrument will play.

The second piece of music is completely your own creation. You may play anything you wish, from classical to pop to simple tunes like Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star. It is best to play a song the judge will recognize. As with the required piece, you will need to write out your music with melody and harmony.

Concerning writing the music, there are a few requirements you must abide by. As mentioned before, the melody of Shenandoah must be what is written on the rules (though it may be in a different key). The music the wind instrument plays MUST be written in treble clef, and the music the percussion instrument plays MUST be written in bass clef. Give the judges a copy of the music with both parts on the same page- you'll probably get it back later.

It is a good idea to write the music with software such as Finale. It looks more professional and has been recommended by judges at several competitions I have been at. Music software also makes sheet music easier to read, rather than what you may write by hand, no matter how good your handwriting is.

Technical Interview
The final portion of the event is the technical interview. It may be oral or written. In this section, you will have to explain how you built your instruments and how they work. You will also need to explain the sound theory behind your instrument and some of the physics of sound. BOTH team members will need to participate in the interview to get full marks.

The technical interview generally becomes more important as the year goes on (and the competition becomes tougher). This is because your opposition usually gets tougher as well and many more instruments sound 'real'. Because of this, the interview will become a huge separator of teams. Make sure you understand the physics of sound and wave theory, basics of resonance, basics of tempering, and go into as much depth as possible into how your own instruments function. Many people take this part of the competition lightly, but 30 points is nothing to scoff at.

The following website provides much of the knowledge needed for the technical interview portion of sounds of music

Rubric Overview
Scores will be out of 102, with 134 the highest possible score when including bonus points. The largest section of points (besides bonus points) is the technical interview, worth 30 points. The workmanship and creativity of the instruments are worth 25 points, and this includes such elements as durability, appearance, originality (traditional or unusual instruments) and how easy they are to play. Using the appropriate types of instruments is also graded in this section. The quality of your sound is worth a full 25 points by itself, so the performance itself is clearly important. Demonstrating the correct range of notes (play your major and chromatic scale for the judge even if they don't ask) nets 22 points on the rubric. Bonus points (32 in total) are offered for simply following all the rules, giving the judge your musical score, writing your music correctly, playing in the correct range, and using only allowed materials.

Instrument Instructions
Here are websites with tutorials to make instruments:


 * Woodwinds
 * Whistle
 * PVC Pipe Flute
 * Strings


 * Brass


 * Percussion
 * Xylophones