Invasive Species List/Aquatic Animals

This page contains information on aquatic animal species on the Invasive Species List. For more general information about the event, see Invasive Species.

Alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus)
Identification Tips:
 * Taxonomy: Kingdom-Animalia; Phylum-Chordata; Class-Actinopterygii; Order-Clupeiformes; Family-Clupeidae; Subfamily-Alosinae; Genus-Alosa; Species-A. pseudoharengus
 * Dark dorsal side; bluish-greenish; light sides with horizontal darker stripes
 * Black spot located behind eye


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 * 25-38 cm long


 * Adaptive anatomy:

Introduction:


 * How introduced: Where/when:


 * How spread:

Life Cycle: Live to about 6-7 years, and reproduces at around two years. In less than a week, the young alewives hatch and begin feeding primarily on zooplankton. In the fall, the young alewives make their way back to the sea or into the deep waters of freshwater lakes or rivers.


 * Egg: Spawn once a year from late April to early June. When anadromous, the fish can reach 12-15in. big, and females lay from 60,000-100,000 eggs. When landlocked the fish tend to grow only to about 6 inches, and the females will lay 10,000- 12,000 eggs.


 * Reproduction: Anadromous (migrating up rivers from the sea to spawn) species, although there are some landlocked populations around the Great Lakes.


 * General Reproduction:


 * What makes it so good at reproducing?:

Ecology:


 * Diet: When landlocked they will feed on the eggs and young of other fish, as well as their own. They also feed on the larger species of zooplankton. Adult alewives feed on zooplankton, aquatic insects, and small fish.


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 * Control measures and effectiveness: Increasing the predator base has been the most effective. Trout and salmon stockings have been successful in reducing the alewife population. These efforts have also created a multimillion dollar salmonid fishery.


 * Damage (why it’s a problem):

Asian Carps
Asian carp is a term used to refer to introduced carp species native to Asia, the most significant of which include silver carp, bighead carp, grass carp, and black carp.

Silver Carp (Hypophthalmicthys molitrix)

 * Taxonomy: Kingdom-Animalia; Phylum-Chordata; Class-Actinopterygii; Order-Cypriniformes; Family-Cyprinidae; Genus-Hypophthalmichthys; Species-H. molitrix
 * Identification Tips: Low set eyes, downward slanting mouth. Keel extends all the way to throat, and has a smaller head than the Bighead Carp.
 * Diet: Can eat 5-20% of their body weight a day. Silver carp are filter feeders, consuming algae, phytoplankton, and other microscopic organisms.
 * Introduction:

Bighead Carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis)

 * Taxonomy: Kingdom-Animalia; Phylum-Chordata; Class-Actinopterygii; Order-Cypriniformes; Family-Cyprinidae; Genus-Hypophthalmichthys; Species-H. nobilis
 * Identification Tips: Low set eyes, downward slanting mouth. Keel extends partway across body, and has dark splotches along back (dorsal) region.
 * Diet: Filter feeder, can also eat 5-20% of their body weight a day. They lack a true stomach so they eat voraciously.

Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

 * Taxonomy: Kingdom-Animalia; Phylum-Chordata; Class-Actinopterygii; Order-Cypriniformes; Family-Cyprinidae; Subfamily-Leuciscinae; Genus-Ctenopharyngodon; Species-C. idella

Black Carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus)

 * Taxonomy: Kingdom-Animalia; Phylum-Chordata; Class-Actinopterygii; Order-Cypriniformes; Family-Cyprinidae; Genus-Mylopharyngodon; Species-M. piceus

Asian Clam (Corbicula fluminea)

 * Taxonomy: Kingdom-Animalia; Phylum-Mollusca; Class-Bivalvia; Subclass-Heterodonta; Order-Veneroida; Superfamily-Cyrenoidea; Family-Cyrenidae; Genus-Corbicula; Species-C. fluminea
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Asian Shore Crab (Hemigrapsus sanguineus)
Identification Tips:
 * Taxonomy: Kingdom-Animalia; Phylum-Arthropoda; Subphylum-Crustacea; Class-Malacostraca; Order-Decapoda; Infraorder-Brachyura; Family-Varunidae; Genus-Hemigrapsus; Species-H. sanguineus


 * Anatomy:


 * Shell: Concentric rows of elevated ridges; rounded-triangular shape; brown-gold color; white-light purple nacre


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 * Misc/General: About 1.5 inches long or less


 * Adaptive anatomy: Secretes thread from gills that allows it to float down the current

Introduction:


 * How introduced: Where/when: First discovered 1938 in Washington state; possibly imported as food source


 * How spread: Accidentally with aquacultures; intentionally as food

Life Cycle:


 * Egg: Can produce up to 400 larvae per day


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 * Pupa: (Nymph can replace Larvae/Pupa)


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 * General Reproduction: Hermaphroditic


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Native habitat: Asia, Africa, Australia


 * Characteristics of said habitat: Sand/gravel substrate with running water;

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 * Control measures and effectiveness: Screens/traps; hot water injected into pipes; chlorine and bromine can be used but are environmental hazards


 * Damage (why it’s a problem): Clogging pipes; outcompeting native species;

Asian Swamp Eel (Monopterus albus)
Identification Tips:
 * Taxonomy: Kingdom-Animalia; Phylum-Chordata; Class-Actinopterygii; Order-Synbranchiformes; Family-Synbranchidae; Genus-Monopterus; Species-M. albus


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 * Misc/General: Nocturnal;


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 * How introduced: Where/when: Hawaii in early 1900s; Continental in mid 1990s; imported as food source and for aquarium trade


 * How spread:

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 * Egg: Laid in free floating nest in shallow water;


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 * Pupa: (Nymph can replace Larvae/Pupa)


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Native habitat: Asia


 * Characteristics of said habitat: Tropical/temperate freshwater;

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Chinese Mitten Crab (Eriocheir sinensis)
Identification Tips:
 * Taxonomy: Kingdom-Animalia; Phylum-Arthropoda; Subphylum-Crustacea; Class-Malacostraca; Order-Decapoda; Infraorder-Brachyura; Family-Varunidae; Genus-Eriocheir; Species-E. sinensis


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Clubbed Tunicate (Styela clava)
Identification Tips:
 * Taxonomy: Kingdom-Animalia; Phylum-Chordata; Subphylum-Tunicata; Class-Ascidiacea, Order-Stolidobranchia; Family-Styelidae; Genus-Styela; Species-S. clava


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Eurasian Ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus)
Identification Tips:
 * Taxonomy: Kingdom-Animalia; Phylum-Chordata; Class-Actinopterygii; Order-Perciformes; Family-Percidae; Genus-Gymnocephalus; Species-G. cernuus


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European Green Crab (Carcinus maenas)
Identification Tips:
 * Taxonomy: Kingdom-Animalia; Phylum-Arthropoda; Subphylum-Crustacea; Class-Malacostraca; Order-Decapoda; Infraorder-Brachyura; Family-Portunidae; Genus-Carcinus; Species-C. maenas
 * Similar species: dungeness crab, helmet crab
 * Dungeness crabs have 10 small spines, whereas European green crabs have 5 larger spines.
 * Helmet crabs have stiff hairs covering their entire body, unlike European green crabs.


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Lionfish (Pterois volitans)
Identification Tips:
 * Taxonomy: Kingdom-Animalia; Phylum-Chordata; Class-Actinopterygii; Order-Scorpaeniformes; Family-Scorpaenidae; Subfamily-Pteroinae; Genus-Pterois; Species-P. volitans


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Northern Snakehead (Channa argus)
Identification Tips:
 * Taxonomy: Kingdom-Animalia; Phylum-Chordata; Class-Actinopterygii; Order-Perciformes; Family-Channidae; Genus-Channa; Species-C. argus
 * Similar species: North American bowfin, blotched snakehead, burbot
 * North American bowfin is distinguished by a rounded tail and an eyespot near the tail in males.
 * Blotched snakehead is distinguished by its car-like markings on the caudal peduncle.
 * Burbot is distinguished by a split dorsal fin and a single barbel on the lower jaw.


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New Zealand Mud Snail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum)
Identification Tips:
 * Taxonomy: Kingdom-Animalia; Phylum-Mollusca; Class-Gastropoda; Superfamily-Rissooidea; Family-Hydrobiidae; Genus-Potamopyrgus; Species-P. antipodarum


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Nutria (Myocastor coypus)
Identification Tips:
 * Taxonomy: Kingdom-Animalia; Phylum-Chordata; Class-Mammalia; Order-Rodentia; Family-Myocastoridae; Genus-Myocastor; Species-M. coypus


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Quagga Mussel (Dreissena bugensis)
Identification Tips:
 * Taxonomy: Kingdom-Animalia; Phylum-Mollusca; Class-Bivalvia; Subclass-Heterodonta; Order-Veneroida; Superfamily-Dreissenoidae; Family-Dreissenidae; Genus-Dreissena; Species-D. bugensis


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Round Goby (Neogobius melanostomus)
Identification Tips:
 * Taxonomy: Kingdom-Animalia; Phylum-Chordata; Class-Actinopterygii; Order-Perciformes; Suborder-Gobioidei; Family-Gobiidae; Subfamily-Benthophilinae; Genus-Neogobius; Species-N. melanostomus
 * Native to all shallow water regions of the Black Sea, the Caspian Sea, the Marmara Sea and in all areas of the Sea of Azov.
 * Introduction:
 * Was first recorded in North America in 1990 in the St Clair River at Sarnia, Ontario.
 * Likely introduced accidentally in ballast water.


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Rusty Crayfish (Orconectes rusticus)
Identification Tips:
 * Taxonomy: Kingdom-Animalia; Phylum-Arthropoda; Subphylum-Crustacea; Class-Malacostraca; Order-Decapoda; Superfamily-Astacoidea; Family-Cambaridae; Genus-Orconectes; Species-O. rusticus


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Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus)
Identification Tips:
 * Taxonomy: Kingdom-Animalia; Phylum-Chordata; Superclass-Agnatha; Class-Hyperoartia (Petromyzontida); Order-Petromyzontiformes; Family-Petromyzontidae; Genus-Petromyzon; Species-P. marinus
 * Similar species: silver lamprey, chestnut lamprey, American brook lamprey, northern brook lamprey
 * Silver lampreys, chestnut lampreys, and northern brook lampreys have a single dorsal fin that is continuous with the caudal fin, unlike the sea lamprey which has a separated dorsal fin with two lobes. In addition, the 2nd dorsal fin lobe is separated from the caudal fin by a deep notch.
 * American brook lampreys have a dorsal fin that is separated by a deep notch, and the dorsal and caudal fins are nearly separate. This is unlike the sea lamprey, whose dorsal fin has well-separated lobes and whose 2nd dorsal fin lobe is separated from the caudal fin by only a deep notch.


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Sea Squirt (Didemnum vexillum)
Identification Tips:
 * Taxonomy: Kingdom-Animalia; Phylum-Chordata; Subphylum-Tunicata; Class-Ascidiacea; Order-Aplousobranchia; Family-Didemnidae; Genus-Didemnum; Species-D. vexillum


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Spiny Water Flea (Bythotrephes longimanus)
Identification Tips:
 * Taxonomy: Kingdom-Animalia; Phylum-Arthropoda; Subphylum-Crustacea; Class-Branchiopoda; Order-Cladocera; Family-Cercopagididae; Genus-Bythotrephes; Species-B. longimanus


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Veined Rapa Whelk (Rapana venosa)
Identification Tips:
 * Taxonomy: Kingdom-Animalia; Phylum-Mollusca; Class-Gastropoda; Superfamily-Muricoidea; Family-Muricidae; Subfamily-Rapaninae; Genus-Rapana; Species-R. venosa


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White Spotted Jellyfish (Phyllorhiza punctata)
Identification Tips:
 * Taxonomy: Kingdom-Animalia; Phylum-Cnidaria; Class-Scyphozoa; Order-Rhizostomae; Family-Mastigiidae; Genus-Phyllorhiza; Species-P. punctata


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Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha)
Identification Tips:
 * Taxonomy: Kingdom-Animalia; Phylum-Mollusca; Class-Bivalvia; Subclass-Heterodonta; Order-Veneroida; Superfamily-Dreissenoidae; Family-Dreissenidae; Genus-Dreissena; Species-D. polymorpha


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