Anatomy and Physiology

Description
Students are given time to move to as many stations as possible or given a packet while answering questions about the anatomy of humans. It will be related to two major body systems. This year consists of knowledge of the Circulatory system and the Skeletal systems.

The Stations
There will be between 10 and 20 stations. They will be marked with Roman Numerals (I,II,III,IV,V...) or they will be numbered (1,2,3,4,5). There will be corresponding pages in your packet with each of the stations. There will be blank lines and they will be numbered (Question 1a,1b,1c,2,3a,3b). On the table, there will be a question sheet with a model or a diagram. On the question sheet it may ask you to identify certain sections of the diagram or model(1a is the maleus,1b is the incus,1c is the stapes) in your packet on the appropriate line. At some stations, they will include the names of parts, leaving you to organize them. In others, they will require you to know the parts. Along with identification, you will be required to answer questions on the sheet. They may be multiple choice (When it is cold, do your blood vessels a. move deeper in your body, b. move closer the skin, or c. do not move at all) or they could be short answer (describe the order of sound moving through the ear). Record your answers in the answer packet. A topic this year for anatomy are the skeletal and circulatory systems.The major topic may not be the topic that shows up the most. Students may or may not have a time limit at stations. There may also be a different type of testing, where students are given 60 seconds to look at a PowerPoint? slide and answer the question/questions on that slide. The whole group will be tested at once.

The Packet
A packet has pages/sections corresponding to the individual stations. It will have blank lines for you to record your answer. There will be no questions/diagrams in the packet, so all work must be done at the corresponding station. All answers must be recorded in the packet. Spelling does count in the packet. Points may also be taken away if the packet is not neat or legible. As you record your answers, make sure the you are recording on the right page/section/question. This may save you time and effort.

Materials
The only materials are a pencil along with a good eraser, and a non-programmable calculator. NO OTHER RESOURCES ARE ALLOWED. Students must REMEMBER all Diagrams and study material. However, making a binder is still strongly recommended to help study the needed information. Simple diagrams often help with studying more the complicated ones do. Make sure you print the guide to this event in the event info on soinc.org A useful studying book is the Complete Gray's Anatomy. However it can be get complicated. Using a high school or high-level middle school textbook will greatly assist you in preparing for this event. Charts of the heart, bones, and cross sections of the different vessels are recommended.

Preparing for this event
Make a Binder! This will help you tremendously in preparing for Anatomy. Even though you can't bring it in, it's a great way to keep all your information in the same place and to remember it.

Remember your charts and diagrams. They are very important in this event. It will account for a majority of the questions on the test.

Practice the calculating parts of this event. You will need to calculate blood pressure, mean arterial pressure,etc. Make up sample problems to help you prepare. And Don't forget to remember the equations for all of them!

Covered Information
You will be tested on various topics about two body systems. This year's body systems are the circulatory system and the skeletal system.

Circulatory System
For the CIRCULATORY system, you will need to know:

-All about the heart, including chambers, parts of the heart, and blood flow through the heart.

a. Main PARTS OF THE HEART IN ORDER OF BLOOD FLOW(also includes vessels leading in and out of the heart ): Superior Vena Cava/Inferior Vena Cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary artery, pulmonary capillary bed(lungs), pulmonary veins, left atrium, bicuspid(mitrial valve), left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, Superior vena cava/inferior vena cava.

-MAIN FUNCTIONS of PARTS OF THE HEART

a. The Atrium. The atrium's function is to transport blood to the ventricles. The right atrium's job is to receive oxygenated lacking blood from the body. The Left Atrium's function is to receive oxygenated blood from the lungs.(NOTE: if you are looking at a diagram of the heart, the right atrium would be on the left side, and the left atrium would be on the right side because you are looking in front of the heart.)

b. Ventricles. The ventricles job is to receives blood from the atrium and then pump it to a location. The right ventricle is suppose to pump oxygen lacking blood from the right atrium to the lungs/pulmonary capillary beds to be filled with oxygen, released of carbon dioxide and it is brought back to the heart to the left ventricles, which pump the blood to all parts of the body.

c. Valves. The valves in the heart are suppose to stop blood from going into the wrong place at the wrong time. For example, the triscupid's job is to stop blood from the right atrium from going to the right ventricles at the wrong time. Main valves in the heart include the tricuspid valve, the pulmonary valve, the bicuspid valve, and the aortic valve.

-Blood Vessel. All three types, arteries, veins, capillaries, and also arterioles and veinuoles. You will need to know their structure, their functions, and how they are alike and different. There are three layers to all vessels except for capillaries, which have one epithelial cell thick walls to let nutrients and other materials to go through.

a. Arteries and Arterioles. These blood vessels carry oxygen rich blood from the heart to all other parts of the body. These vessels have very thick muscle cell layers, since they need to pump the blood. Arteries are the vessels that lead immediately from the heart and other that lead from those. Arterioles are basically very small versions of arteries, with much less muscle cells. They feed to the capillaries.

b. Veins and veinuoles. These blood vessels carry used up blood cell lacking oxygen and high in carbon dioxide back to the heart. These vessels have very small muscle layers, and have valves. Veinuoles are very small versions of veins. They directly take blood from the capillaries.

c. Capillaries. Capillaries are the smallest types of blood vessels. It is in the capillaries that oxygen exchange and other exchanges of nutrients and wastes take place. It is so because capillaries only have a cell thick wall made of epithelial cells, and materials can easily pass through. Arterioles feed into capillaries and veinuoles take used blood from it.

-Diseases of the Circulatory system

A list of diseases you will need to know will be listed on the rules every year. The disease needed to know for all competition levels are as follows:

- Arteriosclerosis

- Atherosclerosis

- Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)

- Hypercholesterolemia (High Blood Cholesterol)

- Stroke

- Myocardial infarction (Heart Attack)

- Cardiogenic Shock

- Lymphoma

For the National Competition, you will need to know the following:

- Atrial Fibrillation

- Congestive Heart Failure

- Kawasaki's Disease

The information about these that you will need to know include:

-causes

-symptoms

-how to treat and prevent it.

Circulatory System Diseases
The following is a table of the disease necessary for this year's Anatomy event:

Thanks to http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/ as a source for this information

Skeletal System
For the skeletal system you will need to know:


 * 1) The names of the bones and their surface anatomy as shown on a diagram or X-ray
 * 2) Name, structure, and function of types of joints and ranges allowed by each joint
 * 3) Structures of bones in cross-section
 * 4) How to distinguish between types of vertebrae
 * 5) Diseases such as osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, disc herniation, and scoliosis
 * 6) Effects of exercise on the skeletal system

Sample Exercise
Here are some sample problems for Anatomy

1. Write down the detailed path of the blood traveling through the heart, to the rest of the body, and back again.

2. List the three types of blood vessels and describe how they are different and alike.

3. What is the function of the atrium? ventricles?

4. What is the job of the Vena cava? the Aorta?

5. What does the valves of the heart do?

Disease and Drugs.

What are some of the effects of nicotine on the body?

How does caffeine affect your blood pressure?

How does alcohol affect the human body?

How will the deposit of plaque in your blood vessels affect your health? What are some of the diseases you will get?

Calculations

If systolic pressure is 112 and diastolic pressure is 80, what is the pulse pressure? and the Mean Arterial Pressure? Please list the equations you used.

One of your classmates has a heart rate of 72, a systolic pressure of 138 and diastolic pressure of 65, and an end diastolic volume of 105 and end systolic volume of 46. What is their cardiac output? Please write the equation you used.

Below is a diagram of the spinal cord followed by a question sheet and an answer sheet. In the answer sheet, remember to imagine lines after the numbers.



5. What are the smallest kind of blood vessel?

6. Name the kind of circulation if the blood goes from the heart to the lungs.

7. Name the kind of circulation if the blood goes from the lungs to the muscles to the heart.

8. Name the layers of the heart from outside to inside.

9. Where is the transportation of nutrients to a muscle occur?

Useful links
Most important link, to the official site of the Anatomy event                   [ http://www.soinc.org/events/anatomy/index.htm ]

for disease information webmd.com

US National Library of Medicine and the National Institutes of Health [http://medlineplus.gov/ ]

the national institute of drug abuse

The text and some images from Gray's Anatomy: http://www.bartleby.com/107/

Detailed, interactive diagrams on parts of the systems: http://www.innerbody.com/htm/body.html

Scioly Test Exchange

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute