Mission Possible C

=Description and Scoring= Students will construct a Rube Goldberg -like device which incorporates numerous steps to accomplish a given task. Specific rules have varied widely over the years, so this wiki attempts to address the more recent iterations.
 * A Target Time is given with optimum points being awarded when the devices meets the Target exactly.
 * A number of tasks and/or bonuses are listed which the competitors can complete for points.
 * The machine must start and end with a specific transfer, this being the given task, which is heavily weighted for scoring
 * Limits are placed on maximum device dimensions, battery voltage, run time, and danger level of components.
 * Penalties are assessed for violating construction rules and for touching the device during operation.
 * Additional requirements or opportunities for points are specified for the different levels of competition.
 * An Energy Transfer List (ETL) is required to list the steps that the device performs.

=Construction= A device may have all of the possible transfers, but if they fail to function properly, the participant will end up having to touch the device and will lose more points than the transfers were worth in the first place. This means that every part of your device must be designed to work repeatably and reliably, or it is not worth having it in the machine.

Solid construction is one way to improve reliability. Machines made carelessly of Legos, K-nex, or other toys have a tendency to fall apart during transport to competitions. Hot glue, while very convenient for testing your device, should always be reinforced or replaced with screws where possible.

For more complex machines that attempt to satisfy many of the bonuses, surface area within the device on which to mount transfers is often at a premium. Builders should consider using at least two side walls, which dramatically increases available surfaces without sacrificing accessibility. Three walled devices and multi-decker devices are common at state and national competitions, but make it a lot harder to access your device for setup and troubleshooting.

Wood
Wood can be the cheapest and nearly the strongest of all the possible building materials. A box with three or more sides of thick (1/4" - 1/2") plywood, particle board, or solid wood will provide ample support for transfers and should not flex too much while it is being carried. If the machine will be using liquids, avoid particle board as it will deform if gotten wet. Wood is the primary building material of most Missions.

Pegboard
Pegboard lies somewhere between cardboard and wood. It provides many convenient attachment points, but it is thin and not very rigid. Pegboard is popular among even the top 10 placing Missions at Nationals, but they always brace it with beams of solid wood. Freestanding pegboard is often too flexible for precisely calibrated transfers.

80/20
80/20 is self described as an industrial erector set. It is a set of extruded aluminum beams with slots to attach other beams and components. Extremely rigid frames can be designed and built rapidly, but the frame itself has little surface area to work with. If you want to rapidly build with metal, but lack any tools, it is an option. It is also a professional engineering material, so it is expensive.

PVC
PVC can be used to create moderately rigid frames, if it is cemented. A PVC frame with free joints is liable to come loose. Since it lacks flat sides for attaching transfers, PVC is not ideal and may be best for use as tubes or pressure vessels for individual transfers.

Toys
Legos, K'nex, ball-machine parts, erector set, and many other building toys appear in Missions. They are suitable for individual transfers, but not for the superstructure of the machine. Toy building materials are also more likely to vibrate apart during transport than other materials.

Copper Pipe
Copper piping, like PVC, can be used to make a fairly rigid frame if the joints are fixed (with solder). Copper pipe is better for transfers like hydraulics or pneumatics than as a main building material.

Plexiglass
Plexiglass always appears as a building material. There are places where it makes sense, but it is not ideal as the main frame of the machine. If there is a transfer that the judge needs to see, but might cause a boundary violation if not contained (like popping a balloon), enclosing it in plexiglass is an excellent idea. Beyond that, plexiglass can be difficult to build with because unless it is very thick, it is not rigid. It may also crack when being drilled or cut. Wood is usually a cheaper, sturdier, and better option unless transparency is truly necessary.

=Planning= Planning is the key to a successful mission possible. Assemble yourself a small group of fellow engineers and read over the rules a few times, brainstorming possible solutions to the given problems. Try to break the entire Mission down into sub-units that all have a common interface, such as electrical or mechanical. Make the sub-units solve one particular problem, like executing a chemical reaction. Breaking the design up makes construction and troubleshooting a whole lot easier. Once you have some basic "modules" thought up, draw what is called a block diagram to show how each module fits into the sequence. After the block diagram is complete, design ways to accomplish each individual task represented by a block in the block diagram. It is always best do design each module on paper before implementing it so that you know where you are going during construction. Do take note: then entire device must follow a single, linear path. Failure to follow this rule will incur heavy penalty.

Be conscious of timing when designing your device. Although it is hard to resist the urge to build a device that completes in less than three seconds, at a rate of twenty transfers per second, your judges will never be able to keep up; and if your judges cannot figure out what happened, you get no points whatsoever. Keep the pace down and extend your device out so that it is easy to follow.

Competition tip: Don't expect your judges to know you machine as well as you do. Be patient with their questions and make sure to tell them when your device is about to take an expected turn.

=Definitions and Terminology=

The 2010 and 2011 rules no longer classify transfers/tasks/bonuses into these categories, but they are still useful ways to think about the different ways of accomplishing a task.

Mechanical devices
Mechanical energy is by far the easiest to use. Anything that moves, or has the potential to move, can be considered mechanical energy: from rolling balls, to fans blowing air, to releasing a spring. Here are some tips to help you use Mechanical energy successfully.


 * Above all, avoid gross mechanical at all costs! As cool as it looks to have your Mission Possible look like a game of mouse trap, avoid the urge. Of all the things that will fail on your Mission Possible, mechanical transfers will fail most often. Also, the more complex your mechanical transfers, the more time you will spend calibrating them so that they work just right. Another thing to consider transportation. The more complicated your mechanical transfers, the more prone they are to becoming misaligned during the movement to and from competition. It is a disheartening experience to have weeks worth of building and fine tuning go sour at competition because a part became unnoticeably misaligned. Believe me, I speak from experience.


 * Use as little mechanical as you possibly can. Use the smallest, simplest mechanical actions possible. An object barely has to move to be considered mechanical energy. Use small, surefire actions as your mechanical transfers. Do not make mechanical transfers the backbone of your Mission Possible.


 * Don't fight thermodynamics, or, let the machine do the work. If you have the option of having your device raise a weight or drop a weight, opt for dropping. When you let physics do all the work instead of your machine, you stand a better chance of success. This idea applies to all forms of energy as well.


 * Switches are your friend. Keep this in mind, anything that closes a switch is a mechanical transfer.

Electrical devices
Electrical transfers are incredibly easy to incorporate into your device, as well as the very versatile. There are a wide variety of products on the market that can convert electrical energy into just about anything. Electrical energy is also the safest of all forms of energy allowed in the Mission Possible. When properly done, electrical transfers never fail. Here are some tips to ensure your success with electrical transfers.


 * Learn to solder! Even though using wire nuts or terminal strips is a lot easier and less permanent than soldering, the quality of the connection is inferior and can lead to increased failure.


 * Get a good book and read it. To succeed in electronics, you have to know a bit about electronics. Radio Shack sells some excellent books on introductory electronics, well as the superb series, The Engineer's Mini Notebook. Especially good is Mini Notebook on sensor circuits. It tells how to make everything from pressure sensors, to tilt sensors.


 * Design before hand. Before you cut your first wire, design on paper how the circuit will work. Unless you are some electronics genius, you will need some kind of reference while constructing the circuits.


 * Cannibalize stuff. Go to yard sales and thrift shops and pick up various electrical gizmos to take apart. Things like printers and copy machines are excellent for getting various parts out of. One broken copy machine provided me with all the motors, sensors, switches, and wire I needed for my entire device!


 * Think carefully about batteries. If you are going to use any electrical transfers in your Mission Possible, you will need to make a few considerations about the batteries you intend to use. First, do you want to power each circuit separately, or use one central power bus? A bus is a bit more complex to build, but provides easier setup and reduces the chance of a single dead battery causing our device to fail. Using individual batteries for each circuit simplifies the design, but requires more maintenance. Second, how powerful do your batteries need to be? The more components you put on a battery, the more power the battery will need to deliver. If you are using high-amp devices like large motors or nicrome coils, you will need a battery with a high amp hour rating source the necessary power. For smaller things, like LEDs and IC chips, a nine volt or a couple AA's will suffice. Finally, What kind of batteries will you use? Standard alkaline batteries are fine for low to mid power applications. Alkaline batteries are the cheapest batteries, but once they die, you need to buy new ones. NiCad or LIon batteries make a good substitute because they are rechargeable, although they are a bit more expensive.


 * Replace/recharge your batteries before your official run. This is just a good idea and will save a great deal of potential heartbreak.

Chemical devices
Chemical transfers may look hard to the casual observer, but in all actuality they are not. Burning anything is a chemical transfer, so is the timeless baking soda and vinegar trick. For the best chemical transfers, as well as most of the chemical bonuses, you have to think creatively. Your local chemistry teacher is an invaluable resource in your quest for the chemical transfer.


 * Safety first! If your going to get DQ'ed for a safety violation, this is probably the place. Generally, if a chemical would constitute a hazard in the lab, it will be a problem at competition. Acids, unless very very weak, are almost certainly a problem. If you have any questions about the safety of your chemicals, asking your event supervisor or someone on the scioly.org message board is a good idea.


 * Where should I start? Here are some questions to ponder when brainstorming chemical reactions.
 * What reacts to make gas, and what can you do with that gas?
 * What reacts to make heat, and can that heat be detected or used to do something?
 * What reactions produce a precipitate? What does that precipitate do to the opacity of the reagents?
 * What does it take to make light, and how would you detect it?


 * The next step: Implementation. Once you have decided on what chemical reactions you are going to use, you have to figure out how to implement them in a safe and rule abiding manor. Take into account any rapid changes in volume. Baking soda and vinegar work great for making gas, but a lot of foam is produced. If this foam spills in an uncontrolled fashion you could be DQ'ed. For most reactions, containment is the best approach. By containing the reaction in a sealed container, you remove all chance of a spill. Also, when a reaction is contained, you can use just the volume change to trigger the next transfer.


 * Your chemistry teacher is your best friend. I cannot emphasize this enough: make friends with your chemistry teacher. A chemistry teacher makes a great consultant during the design phase, as well as providing access to the chemical storage room.


 * Be careful about elevation! Changes in elevation will effect the timing of your chemical reactions. Take this into account when calibrating your device.

Thermal devices
Thermal reactions are right in the middle as far as difficulty and complexity, but with a little creative thought they aren't that hard. Thermal energy transfers incorporate changes in - you guessed it - temperature. The change can be either an increase or a decrease.


 * Combustion is heat. Yes folks, before anything burns, it's temperature must be raised to exceed it's ignition point, thus making a thermal transfer.


 * Use the Peltier Effect my son... The Peltier Effect Thermoelectric Cooling Module is really cool and can be purchased from almost any surplus catalog. When power is applied, these junctions get hot on one side and cold on the other. A lot of potential here.


 * Use radiant heat. Radiant heat is also a possibility when looking for a thermal transfer. If you can melt something with radiant heat, you could trip off a mechanical transfer.


 * Consider exothermic and endothermic chemical reactions: Chemical reactions that produce or consume large quantities of heat can constitute a thermal transfer if properly detected. Exothermic and endothermic reactions also tend to be used for bonus points.


 * The Nicrome/Match trick: When nicrome wire is used to conduct electricity, it gets really hot. Hot enough to ignite a match or cut a string.


 * Be careful of humidity! I have learned the hard way that humidity can reduce the reliability of match combustion. Store your matches in an air tight container with silica gel packs found in new shoes.

Optical devices
Electromagnetic Spectrum is by far the hardest transfer to get. At the regional and state levels, it is not uncommon to find devices with little or no EM in the device. Don't be ashamed if your device doesn't have any EM, but realize that nationally contending Missions have as many as the rules allow.


 * EM IS NOT AN ELECTROMAGNET!!! This is a very common question asked and a source for constant controversy. Electromagnetic spectrum involves the transmission of electromagnetic radiation, not the generation of a magnetic field.


 * EM is versatile. All forms of light and radio waves constitute EM, thus a remote control car and a light activated switch are acceptable.


 * Be very creative. Electromagnetic energy is everywhere. Servo units from a hobby shop will work. So will a small remote controlled toy. There is an entire field of electronics called optoelectronics just waiting to help you. A very good source for optoelectric circuits is the Engineer's Mini notebook - Sensor Circuits found at your local Radio Shack.

The Energy Transfer List
Energy transfer lists are your interface to the judges, and thus, very important. Whatever you put on your list will be counted towards your score. The list must be accurate because any deviation in your list from the actual machine will result in lost points. From my experience, it is best to hold off on making you list until right before the deadline so that you don't trap yourself when you need to make changes. What follows are some pointers on how to be successful when writing your action transfer list.


 * Don't be late! The judges will not accept a late list, which means you will either loose points or be disqualified altogether. Trust me, no matter how convincing your argument, the judges will not bend on this one.


 * Be neat. It's just good practice to make your list look good.


 * Be accurate. An incorrect ETL will cost you points.


 * Follow the format mandated in the rules.


 * Only include relevant information.


 * Document your tasks and bonuses by letter.

=Transportation and Final Shakedown= Without an effective method of transportation, all of your hard work could end up being for nothing. Even then, once you reach your destination, it is very advisable to run a test run or two, just to make sure everything works as it should.


 * Do not use a courier to ship a mission possible! Even if you pay for a great deal for insurance and the best shipping plan, the middle-men within the company are not paid anything extra. Thus, they really don't care if your box is labeled "EXTREMELY FRAGILE!!!!!" Instead, use a straight line shipping service. A really great idea that I have been told is to ship via Greyhound Bus - the package never leaves the vehicle the entire way there. Or, if you are charting a bus, bring the Mission with you.


 * Build a sturdy crate. A wooden box to encase your mission is just a good idea. Half inch plywood works great.


 * Secure your device to it's crate. That way it won't get crushed if it is turned upside-down. Wood screws work best to mount a mission into a box.


 * DO NOT BRING CHEMICALS ON AIRPLANE CARRY ON! I have learned from experience, airport security does not like chemicals, especially oxidizers. If you need to bring chemicals with you, ship them out or arrange to buy them at the other end. It is also not a good idea to bring any fragile parts that even resemble anything potentially hazardous. Batteries are another thing that cannot be brought on carry on. You can check these things if your feeling dangerous, but if they are found, they will almost certainly be confiscated.


 * Run a pre competition run. I cannot stress this one enough. Geographic changes, such as elevation, temperature, and humidity can affect the performance of your mission possible, especially chemical transfers. Run a pre-competition run to make necessary adjustments.

=Battery Choices=

As you can see, Alkaline batteries have the most Ah of those 4 types. Alkaline batteries will cost twice as much as Zinc Carbons (the most common non-Alkaline battery), but they will deliver more than twice as many Amp hours. Thus it is always better to buy an Alkaline battery. They will last more than twice as long on the same equipment or will let you use higher draw equipment. Lantern batteries are wonderful for high-draw applications and should last quite some time. One of my teams used a pair of large lantern batteries in four machines over 6 years, the latter two years of which made significant use of nichrome wire.

=Programming with Legos for Mission Possible=
 * See Lego Programming for tips.
 * See Sample Mission NQC Code for Dark Sabre's 2005 nationals code.

=Coach’s Training for 2002 Ohio Science Olympiad Mission Possible Event= The following is a list of Do and Don’t items concerning the Mission Possible event.

 START quarter is dropped --- M      M - quarter connect switch -- E      E - power ignites magnesium - T      T -- heated magnesium sets off thermite - C      C --- Thermite creates light --- EM      EM - intense light powers photo cell  E      E -- Power activates Jacob's ladder, making heat and launching ping pong ball --- T      T  heat ignites rodent -- C      C -- Burning rodent runs in tread mill -- M      M - rotating tread mill tips vile, spilling ammonia into clorox - C      C  Pressurized chlorine gas shatters glass container  M      M --- flying shards impact lever, launching ping pong ball and closing switch --- E      E -- power activates 1000w spark gap transmitter --- EM      EM -- interference interrupts TV reception -- E      E  screwed up TV makes toddler have tantrum - M      M -- sound from toddler trips circuit --- E      E - circuit rings bell -- M      M  sound from bell activates Pavlov Dog, causing drool -- M      M --- drool fills cup, tripping liquid sensor --- E      E --- motor turns launching ping pong ball  END
 * Here is a sample list: Check your event rules for exact formating specifications.