Anatomy and Physiology

In Anatomy students are given time to move to as many stations as possible or given a packet to answer questions about the human body. The event will be related to two or three major body systems. Division B normally will concentrate on two predetermined systems, whereas Division C will typically test a student's knowledge of three body systems. Topics can vary from diseases in those systems, to the general anatomy, and the functions of from system at a gross to cellular level.

Tentative 2012 Systems
Digestive: [[Media:AnatomyDigestiveTest.doc |Digestive Test]]

Excretory (Div C only)

Respiratory

=Past Systems=

Circulatory

Endocrine

Muscular

Nervous: [[Media:‎AnatomyTestNervousSystem1.doc| Nervous System test]]

Skeletal

The Stations
If there are stations, there will be 10-20 of them. They will be marked with roman numerals (I, II, III...) or they will be numbered (1, 2, 3...). There will be sections in your test corresponding to each of the stations with questions (the format of which is decided by the tester, and can vary widely from tester to tester). Students typically have a time limit at stations (i.e. 5 minutes per station, then rotate).

There may also be a different type of testing, where students are given a time limit to look at a PowerPoint slide and answer the question/questions on that slide. With this format, the whole group will be tested at once.

Students must note that in tests there is a strong possibility that a model would be used. For example, the event writer could use a model of the entire body or a specific organ to base questions off of. To do well on an identification station like this, make sure you know your labeling, and be prepared to find numbers on the model quickly. Sometimes it's hard to find certain numbers, so just look very hard, and eventually you will find it. If you really can't find one of the numbers just move on.

The Test
The test will have pages/sections corresponding to the individual stations (if there aren't stations then it will be a normal test). It will have blank lines for you to record your answer. If there are stations, there may be no questions/diagrams in the packet, so all work must be done at the corresponding station. All answers must be recorded in the packet. Spelling usually will count unless you have a very lax judge, so be absolutely certain everything is spelled to perfection. Points may also be taken away if the packet is not neat or legible. As you record your answers, make sure that you are recording on the right page/section/question. This may save you time and effort.

Please note that there may be lines for your team name, team number, or the participants' names on each page. No matter what, ALWAYS make sure you fill out that information on each page, for if you don't, they can take off points. In addition, if you don't identify yourself on your test, they will have a hard time finding you and letting you know about your results. Even if you got every question right, some judges will disqualify you for not filling out every field on your test on competition day.

There may be as many as 60 questions on the test. The test may include diagrams to label, math problems, or general knowledge questions.

Materials
The only materials to bring are a pencil along with a good eraser, a non-programmable calculator, and one double-sided page of notes containing information in any form from any source (i.e pictures, diagrams, handwritten notes, typed notes...). No other resources are allowed. Make sure you print the guide to this event in the event info on soinc.org.

Preparing for This Event
Make a binder! This will help you tremendously in preparing for this event. Even though you can't bring it in, it's a great way to keep all your information in the same place and to remember it. The binder should include material anything that the Anatomy rules say might be on the test. Review your notes when you wake up and right before you go to sleep every day. The small minutes of studying really add up.

Remember your charts and diagrams. They are very important in this event. It will account for a majority of the questions on the test. They can be used in the testing room. Simple diagrams often help with studying more the complicated ones do.

Flash cards can be a useful resource for studying the skeletal and muscular system, whether you create them yourself or buy them. A good study technique is to print out pictures of the muscles to study and put them on index cards. It is also very helpful to type up a table or list of information about the diseases, so you have a quick reference sheet to study off of (whether weeks before competition, or right before it).

A useful studying book is the Complete Gray's Anatomy. However, it can get complicated, so using a high school, college, or high-level middle school textbook will greatly assist you in preparing for this event.

It is also very helpful to practice, because the type of questions can vary widely from test to test.

Study as much as you can and cover a wide range of material. Even if the rules don't specifically mention an area of a system to study, a good rule to keep in mind is better safe than sorry! The level of complexity of the tests will vary at each level, state, and from year to year. Better to study that one area in more detail than be unprepared for the test!

Making the Cheat Sheet
What to include on your cheat sheet :

List out every muscle and its origin, insertion, and location on the sheet; include a diagram with every muscle on the list (make it if necessary). This can be extremely helpful. Diagrams are your best friend, as is Google Health.

Use the hormones and Muscle List. They are invaluable if you don't want to memorize everything.

Listing the steps to gas exchange would be a life saver if you add it to your cheat sheet. Gas exchange questions are very common, so be prepared.

Tips:


 * Use as small of a font as you can. Go as small as you can, but make sure to keep it readable. There's no point in having volumes of information if you can't even interpret it.


 * Make your own diagrams, either by hand or with an image manipulation program. The example below was made by aubrey048. Examples of image manipulation programs are GIMP and MS Paint.




 * Color code. Use a different (readable) color for notes on each system. This will make things easy to find at competition day. Also color-code your diagrams if you can for maximum efficiency (as seen in the picture above). It's much easier to find a bright orange muscle than one outlined lightly in black. Keep the coding consistent so that by the end of the season you automatically associate a color to a type of information (ex: pink = muscles; blue = respiratory; green = endocrine and etc.)


 * Type your sheet up, then hand-write extra notes in the margins. You can write in places where the printer might not be able to print. This is time consuming but well worth the time spent.


 * Source-check before doing anything. The last thing you need is to realize you put incorrect info on your cheat sheet, then have to do it all over again.


 * Use space efficiently by prioritizing. Include the things you have the most trouble remembering first. Extra information can be added later if you have room.


 * Use charts, like the hormones and Muscle Lists. Both (if minimized to fit your paper) are life-savers. Or make your own chart with specific information you need - the simple act of making a chart can help tremendously.


 * Laser printers are recommended if your font is that small. Font sizes can be reduced manually if you treat text like a picture (by typing it onto an image manipulation program and then shrinking the image), though this may reduce the readability of your notes.


 * Communicate with your partner (if you have one). This is vital in every event. You do not want to be the only person on your team who knows how the sheet is laid out - if this happens, during the test your partner will be asking you continuously where things are, which can be distracting. If you don't trust your partner enough to make the cheat sheet, at least show it to them/take a practice test with it so they can familiarize themselves with it.


 * Include formulas! Some tests will have you calculate the dead space in lungs, lung volume, blood pressure, and other anatomical formulas. Make sure you have the appropriate formulas for each system.

Sample Exercise
1. If people were injected with ghrelin, we would expect that they would ______.

A) feel sleepy

B) eat more

C) lose weight

D) stop growing

E) sweat more

2. Describe the three types of hormones and provide examples of each.

3. List the location, origin and insertion of the latissimus dorsi, rectus abdominis, and gastrocnemius.

4. Describe the function of the respiratory system.

5. What is the location for the receptor for water-soluble hormones? What is the location for the receptor for fat-soluble hormones? Why is there a difference in the location of the two receptors?

6. How does exercise affect the muscular system?

7. What is a goiter? How can it be prevented?

8. What is a potential cause of emphysema?

9. Describe poliomyelitus and list the different types and respective treatments.

10. List the steps of muscle contraction in order.

11. What is the difference between an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland?

12. What is the effect of hyposecretion of estradiol?

13. List the steps of gas exchange in order.

=Useful links=
 * The official site of the Anatomy event
 * Disease information
 * US National Library of Medicine and the National Institutes of Health
 * The national institute of drug abuse
 * The text and some images from Gray's Anatomy
 * Detailed, interactive diagrams on parts of the systems
 * Scioly Test Exchange
 * National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
 * Great tutorial on the human skeleton
 * More disease information
 * Gives simple, printable diagrams
 * Probably the most comprehensive list of muscles you could find - has origin, insertion, and function of each muscle on the list; iliopsoas is divided into 3 muscles, however
 * A great video on myosin and actin
 * A video on Tropomyosin and Troponin
 * A video on the basic anatomy of a muscle cell
 * Muscular Dystrophy information
 * A comprehensive list of endocrine hormones
 * A video on ATP
 * Challenging, interactive flash games that test your knowledge of general anatomy.
 * Animations for many systems