Bio-Process Lab

Description:
This event is a lab-oriented competition involving the fundamental science processes of a middle school science program (Div. B) or introductory biology (Div. C). It consists of a series of biological questions or tasks which involve the use of one or more process skills such as formulating and/or evaluating hypotheses and procedures, using scientific instruments to collect data, making observations, presenting and/or interpreting data, or making inferences and conclusions.

That was straight from the rule book. In short, this event is about biology, the scientific method, and knowing how to use equipment like microscopes, etc. It is usually station-based, and often the difficult part is the time constraint rather than the actual material.

What you need to learn:
The majority of this event is covered in a 9th grade biology class, so if you have taken 9th grade Bio or are taking it currently, just make sure you remember the topics mentioned below.

The basics of the event can be found in a high school Biology textbook (in fact, most of the information for Bio-Process should be there). Knowing how to use/read a lot of the scientific instruments (microscope, balance, ruler, pipette, thermometer, graduated cylinder, calipers, beakers, and etc.) is also important. Acids, bases, and the indicators used to identify them (including what colors they turn, etc) could be useful as well. As in many events, the scientific method is good to know. You will need to know how to use or formulate a taxonomic key. Learn all about genetics: DNA, RNA, Punnett squares, genotype and phenotype ratios, chromosomal deficiencies(e.g. trisomy 13- Patau syndrome), etc. Know the difference between monocots and dicots in plants, and be familiar with the different plant parts. You may have to dissect a plant or answer questions on the results of such a dissection. Know how to read food chains and food webs, as well as other basic ecology things. Making graphs is vital- there is one on nearly every event. Usually, you will be given the data to graph, although you may have to collect it if it is a simple experiment. Other important topics include: respiration, photosynthesis, active transport, transpiration, osmosis and diffusion, cell division (meiosis and mitosis), cells parts and functions, and the difference between an animal and plant cell.

In addition to those topics, which will probably show up on nearly every event, there are some more minor topics that may also be useful. A knowledge of anatomy might be useful, including the bones and muscles as well as the other body systems. Blood typing, especially its connection to genetics, may also come up. Calculations on a food label have been mentioned in connection to this event as well.

Specific areas of knowledge
Parts of a microscope

The compound microscope uses lenses and light to enlarge the image and is also called an optical or light microscope (vs./ an electron microscope). The simplest optical microscope is the magnifying glass and is good to about ten times (10X) magnification. The compound microscope has two systems of lenses for greater magnification, 1) the ocular, or eyepiece lens that one looks into and 2) the objective lens, or the lens closest to the object. Before purchasing or using a microscope, it is important to know the functions of each part.

Eyepiece Lens: the lens at the top that you look through. They are usually 10X or 15X power.

Tube: Connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses

Arm: Supports the tube and connects it to the base

Base: The bottom of the microscope, used for support

Illuminator: A steady light source (110 volts) used in place of a mirror. If your microscope has a mirror, it is used to reflect light from an external light source up through the bottom of the stage.

Stage: The flat platform where you place your slides. Stage clips hold the slides in place. If your microscope has a mechanical stage, you will be able to move the slide around by turning two knobs. One moves it left and right, the other moves it up and down.

Revolving Nosepiece or Turret: This is the part that holds two or more objective lenses and can be rotated to easily change power.

Objective Lenses: Usually you will find 3 or 4 objective lenses on a microscope. They almost always consist of 4X, 10X, 40X and 100X powers. When coupled with a 10X (most common) eyepiece lens, we get total magnifications of 40X (4X times 10X), 100X, 400X and 1000X. To have good resolution at 1000X, you will need a relatively sophisticated microscope with an Abbe condenser. The shortest lens is the lowest power, the longest one is the lens with the greatest power. Lenses are color coded and if built to DIN standards are interchangeable between microscopes. The high power objective lenses are retractable (i.e. 40XR). This means that if they hit a slide, the end of the lens will push in (spring loaded) thereby protecting the lens and the slide. All quality microscopes have achromatic, parcentered, parfocal lenses.

Rack Stop: This is an adjustment that determines how close the objective lens can get to the slide. It is set at the factory and keeps students from cranking the high power objective lens down into the slide and breaking things. You would only need to adjust this if you were using very thin slides and you weren't able to focus on the specimen at high power. (Tip: If you are using thin slides and can't focus, rather than adjust the rack stop, place a clear glass slide under the original slide to raise it a bit higher) Condenser Lens: The purpose of the condenser lens is to focus the light onto the specimen. Condenser lenses are most useful at the highest powers (400X and above). Microscopes with in stage condenser lenses render a sharper image than those with no lens (at 400X). If your microscope has a maximum power of 400X, you will get the maximum benefit by using a condenser lenses rated at 0.65 NA or greater. 0.65 NA condenser lenses may be mounted in the stage and work quite well. A big advantage to a stage mounted lens is that there is one less focusing item to deal with. If you go to 1000X then you should have a focusable condenser lens with an N.A. of 1.25 or greater. Most 1000X microscopes use 1.25 Abbe condenser lens systems. The Abbe condenser lens can be moved up and down. It is set very close to the slide at 1000X and moved further away at the lower powers.

Diaphragm or Iris: Many microscopes have a rotating disk under the stage. This diaphragm has different sized holes and is used to vary the intensity and size of the cone of light that is projected upward into the slide. There is no set rule regarding which setting to use for a particular power. Rather, the setting is a function of the transparency of the specimen, the degree of contrast you desire and the particular objective lens in use.

Genetics

Genotype This is the "internally coded, inheritable information" carried by all living organisms. This stored information is used as a "blueprint" or set of instructions for building and maintaining a living creature. These instructions are found within almost all cells (the "internal" part), they are written in a coded language (the genetic code), they are copied at the time of cell division or reproduction and are passed from one generation to the next ("inheritable"). These instructions are intimately involved with all aspects of the life of a cell or an organism. They control everything from the formation of protein macromolecules, to the regulation of metabolism and synthesis.

Phenotype This is the "outward, physical manifestation" of the organism. These are the physical parts, the sum of the atoms, molecules, macromolecules, cells, structures, metabolism, energy utilization, tissues, organs, reflexes and behaviors; anything that is part of the observable structure, function or behavior of a living organism.

Pedigree charts A pedigree chart is a chart which tells one all of the known phenotypes for an organism and its ancestors, most commonly humans, show dogs, and race horses. The word pedigree is a corruption of the French "pied de gru" or crane's foot, because the typical lines and split lines (each split leading to different offspring of the one parent line) resemble the thin leg and foot of a crane.

Cell parts

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)  Structure - sheets of unit membrane with ribosomes on the outside and forms a tubular network throughout the cell Purpose - transports chemicals between cells and within cell and provides a large surface area for the organization of chemical reactions and synthesis

Ribosome Structure - non-membraneous, spherical bodies composed of RNA (ribonucleic acid) and protein enzymes Purpose - site of protein synthesis

Golgi Apparatus Structure - stacks of flattened sacs of unit membrane (cisternae), vesicles pinch off the edges Purpose - modifies chemicals to make them functional, secretes chemicals in tiny vesicles, stores chemicals, may produce endoplasmic reticulum Mitochondrion Structure - composed of modified double unit membrane (protein, lipid), inner membrane infolded to form cristae Function - site of cellular respiration ie. the release of chemical energy from food

Glucose +  Oxygen  --> Carbon Dioxide  +  Water  + Energy (ATP)

Lysosome Structure - membrane bound bag containing hydrolytic enzymes hydrolytic enzyme = water split biological catalyst i.e. using water to split chemical bonds Function - break large molecules into small molecules by inserting a molecule of water into the chemical bond

Chloroplast Structure - composed of a double layer of modified membrane (protein, chlorophyll, lipid), inner membrane invaginates to form layers called "grana" (sing., granum) where chlorophyll is concentrated Function - site of photosynthesis

Chlorophyll + Carbon Dioxide + Water ---> Glucose + Oxygen+radiant energy  (food)

-IMPORTANT NOTE: The information above has been compiled by my partner and me, not written by us-

A Basic Tip:
If you have anyone on your team taking Biology it is advisable that you put them on this event. It will give them the ability to study in class and already know a lot of the material with the exception of the stuff you haven't learned yet which they will have to study on their own.

Links

 * New York Coaches Conference http://newyorkscioly.org/SOPages/Events/BioProcess.html
 * Scioly Test Exchange