Wind Power

Wind Power, previously known as Physical Science Lab and Physics Lab, was an event for the 2017 and 2016 seasons which involves the construction of a device that can turn wind into energy and the answering of questions relating to alternative energy.

The Basics of the Event
Half of the scoring for Wind Power comes from the building portion. Competitors must build a wind turbine mounted to an unmodified 12cm diameter CD. During competition, the judges will attach the device to a DC motor. They will then place a fan in front of the device and turn it on. The blades will spin, thereby creating voltage.

The other portion of the event is a written test on wind power, power generation, and alternative energy. One 3-ring binder full of notes from any source is allowed for each team, as long as the material in the binder is attached securely. Teams may bring multiple calculators of any type.

Category B safety spectacles are required for the blade testing portion of this event.

The Building Section
When planning to build a Wind Power device, there are many factors to consider. Some of them include:


 * Weight
 * Blade Material
 * Wind Turbine Diameter
 * Curve of the Blade
 * Blade Pitch
 * Number of Blades
 * Blade Width
 * Blade Thickness

In 2017, the event changed compared to the previous year. Instead of trying to get the blades to generate as much power as possible with 5-ohm resistance, there were 5 to 25 ohms of resistance the blades had to 'push' against, which were wired into the setup. Resistors can be bought in varying sizes or wired in parallel or in series to generate the correct resistance. For example, two 14 ohm resistors in parallel = 7 ohms of resistance.

Examples: Blades for 2017

Weight
Lighter blades will spin faster- however, since the build will be scored for power production due to the resistors, one may use a slightly heavier blade in order to produce higher momentum. There are 2.5 minutes of preparation in order to get the blades up to their highest attainable speed, so they can be somewhat heavy.

Blade Material
Various items can be used to construct the blades, but metal is not allowed in any capacity. Balsa wood or cardboard are often used because they are lighter materials. Everyday items can often be constructed into blades. For example, a plastic cup can be cut into fourths. Experimenting with different materials is key, as sometimes the best blades are found simply through testing.

Diameter
According to the New York Coaches Conference, doubling the diameter of the circle made by the blades produces a 4-fold increase in power. However, keep in mind that the radius of the circle created by the blades can be no more than 20cm (Div B) and 14cm (Div C).

Many teams have found that since real life wind turbines can create more power (watts, not voltage) by increasing the diameter of the blades, it is advantageous to do so.

Blade Curvature
It is advised that the blade contains some curve, although it is not necessary in order to generate spin. A V-shape might also work. Materials may be morphed into the desired shape, whether it be by cutting or molding. With some materials, such as wood, a certain shape can be achieved by soaking and bending the material in water. Not much curve is necessary. It is recommended that the blades have a curve to simulate an airfoil, while still keeping the blades aerodynamic. Keep in mind that more force is generated when the wind from the fan is blowing on the outside of the blade curve. However, many competitors curve the blade so that the wind hits the inside of the curve. This provides quick acceleration (which isn't totally necessary, as long as it accelerates to top speed within 2.5 minutes), but also results in a top speed that is lower than if the wind was on the outside of the blade.

Blade Pitch
Blade pitch refers to the angle of the blades relative to the CD. Generally, a lower pitch results in a higher speed and thus a higher power (it will have a much slower acceleration but a higher top speed). One may want a higher pitch the closer the blade gets to the center of the turbine (eg. 20 degrees towards the center with the front edge's angle gradually getting lower until it reaches around 5-10 degrees or so at the outside). Make sure your blade pitch is not 0 degrees, as the blades will not generate lift.

Number of Blades
The number of blades is another adjustable attribute of the turbine. 2-3 blades is the most popular amount. Remember that more weight will gain more momentum, but at a point, too much weight will lower the high speed of the turbine. 4 or more blades can often be too heavy if the material is not light enough. However, if the blades are light enough, 4 may work better than 2 or 3. If there are more than four or so, the added weight might, literally, outweigh the benefits.

Balance
Balance is also an important factor. If a turbine is terribly off balance, it may wobble on the mount, and possibly even break. Even a slight imbalance can create instability in the device. As such, a well-balanced turbine will be able to spin faster since there will be less friction against the mount and less energy will be lost to vibration. It is best if a turbine's center of gravity is at or near the center. This can be accomplished by taking some mass off of the turbine on the heavy side, or by adding mass on the lighter side. A way to help make sure that blades are built as balanced as possible is making a device with a thin, 1-foot squaer piece of plywood with a metal or wood rod sticking straight out, roughly the size of the hole in the CD (it could be slightly smaller, but not larger). Lines can be drawn on the sheet of plywood going away from the rod at equally angled increments on which you can line up your blades as you glue them to the CD. When gluing, it is best to use some drawn guidelines or template either around or on the CD. This will allow for more accurate spacing to be implemented in the construction. This helps to ensure a more well-balanced turbine without having to add or subtract weight in ways that might affect the aerodynamics of the device.

Additional Tips
Although it may seem to be a good idea to cut holes in the CD to reduce its weight, the rules say that "modification of the CD is not allowed (except to affix the blades via tape, glue, etc.)".

Make sure that the turbine is clearly within all specifications and labeled with team name and number.

The Written Section
The other half of the score is the written portion. These rules have varied over the years for Wind Power. In 2017, the written test focused on rotor/fan blade design, power generators for different sources of power, power storage, power transmission, and historical wind power designs.

People

 * Lucien Gaulard and John Dixon Gibbs: built what they called the secondary generator (an early transformer provided with 1:1 turn ratio and open magnetic circuit) in 1881, allowing for transmission of electric power with alternating current (AC)
 * James Blyth: Scottish academic, installed the first electricity-generating wind turbine (a battery charging machine) in 1887 to light his holiday home in Marykirk, Scotland.
 * Charles F. Brush: American inventor, built the first automatically operated wind turbine in 1888 in Cleveland, Ohio.
 * Poul la Cour: Danish scientist, constructed a wind turbine to generate electricity in 1891, which was used to produce hydrogen by electrolysis. With his Askov mill, he made windmills more efficient.
 * Albert Betz: German physicist, discovered the theory of wind energy in 1919.

Events

 * The first use of windmills was recorded in Europe during the Middle Ages. They were primarily used to make flour by turning grinding mills and transport water out from the lowlands by rotating water screws.

Alternative Energy
Other forms of power generation using alternative energy exist. These are provided below.


 * Solar power converts sunlight into energy via photovoltaic panels or concentration. In the long-term it is relatively constant; however, days are longer in the summer and shorter in the winter, resulting in less solar energy generated in the winter. Also, solar power is only available during the day and is less powerful when there are many clouds.
 * Hydroelectric power converts the movement of water into energy, generally with turbines as well. The flow of water is abundant, constant, and hydroelectric plants can store energy for times when it is more necessary, but there are concerns in respect to the reservoirs created by dams.
 * Tidal power is a major subset of hydroelectric power. It uses the movement of water created by tides to get energy. Tides are regular and predictable, but less power can be generated this way than some other ways.
 * Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) utilizes the difference in temperature from shallow water to deeper water. When heat goes from the warmer water to cooler water, an engine converts the flow to energy. This is constant, but not very cost-effective and finding locations where this technology can be used is difficult.
 * Geothermal power converts underground heat into energy. This method is reliable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly, but is mostly limited to areas with a high tectonic activity.

To conserve energy, the adage "reduce, reuse, recycle" can be followed. These three concepts can be applied to many techniques used to conserve energy.

Energy Transmission
Electric power generation is defined as the movement of a large amount of electrical energy from a generation site to an electrical substation.

The method of three-phase electric power is commonly used for alternating current electric power transmission.

History

 * The first long-distance AC line was built for the 1884 International Exhibition of Turin, Italy and extended a total of 34 kilometers (21 miles).
 * Through the invention of Lucien Gaulard's and John Dixon Gibbs' secondary generator in 1881, transmission of electric power using an alternating current was made possible.

Energy Storage
Energy stockpiling is a vital part of balancing the supply and demand of power into the grid.

Originally, non-renewable energy sources were burned with the need for power. However, there was a need for a sustainable power source in electricity generation that would appease the concerns of pollution. But, renewable energy outlets were inconsistent; winds were uncontrolled and sunlight based power fluctuates because of cloud coverage and must be collected during the day. Now, most technology has the ability to rapidly and efficiently discharge power into the grid at peak demand (usually in the evening), allowing for grid stability.

The U.S. has around 23 gigawatts (GW) of storage capacity, with pumped hydroelectric storage accounting for 96%. Pumped hydroelectric capacity allows for energy storage at the grid’s transmission stage, by accumulating any excess generation for later use. Flywheels can reserve energy by conserving angular momentum in a spinning mass which, in turn, enables them to benefit the grid at both either transmission or distribution level. Nuclear power plants, on the other hand, are not designed to increase or decrease and therefore have a steady generation for the duration of the day.

Energy (Thermodynamics)
''Note: The following spoiler box contains information that is not relevant to the current rules of Wind Power. For more complete information about Thermodynamics, please see Thermodynamics.'' Energy (Thermodynamics) Energy is the capacity to perform work. Work, in turn, is when a force is exerted on an object and the object moves parallel to the direction of the force. Work, in joules (J), can be calculated by multiplying the force applied in Newtons (N) to the distance traveled in meters (m). Power is the rate at which this work is performed, and is found by dividing the work by the time. It is measured in watts.

There are two major types of energy:
 * Kinetic energy is the energy contained by an object in motion
 * Potential energy is how much work an outside force like gravity can do on an object depending on its position.

The Conservation of Energy principle states that energy cannot be created nor destroyed, and that it can only be transformed from one form to another.

Heat
Heat is the transfer of energy from a high-temperature object to a low-temperature object. Temperature is the average energy contained in the particles of an object. It is produced by the thermal energy in free particles. Many scales can measure temperature.

Heat Transfer

There are three main vehicles for transferring heat:


 * Conduction is the transfer of heat by direct contact. The heat transfer for convection can be calculated by the following formula:

[math]Q=\frac {kA\left (T_{hot}-T_{cold}\right )}{d}[/math]

Where


 * Q is the heat transferred in [math]Watts[/math]
 * k is the barrier's thermal conductivity in [math]k=\frac {Watts}{m K}[/math]
 * A is the cross-sectional area in [math]m^2[/math]
 * T is the temperature in °C ([math]T_{hot}[/math] represents the warmer temperature and [math]T_{cold}[/math] represents the cooler temperature)
 * d is the barrier's length in [math]m[/math]




 * Convection is the transfer of heat from a solid or liquid to another fluid. Forced convection is a fluid flowing over a surface. Natural convection is when a fluid is heated and rises due to buoyancy such as when hot air rises and cooler air sinks, creating circular currents. The heat transfer for convection can be calculated by the following formula:

[math]Q=hA(T_{hot}-T_{cold})[/math]

Where
 * Q is the heat transferred in [math]Watts[/math]
 * h is the film coefficient in [math]h=\frac{watts}{m^2 K}[/math]
 * A is the surface area in contact with the fluid in [math]m^2[/math]
 * T is the temperature in °C ([math]T_{hot}[/math] represents the warmer temperature and [math]T_{cold}[/math] represents the cooler temperature)




 * Radiation is where the heat is carried by electromagnetic waves. The Stefan-Boltzmann Law can help calculate this transfer:

[math]P=e\sigma A \left (T^4-{T_C}^4\right )[/math]

Where
 * P is the radiated power in [math]Watts[/math]
 * e is the object's emissivity
 * σ is Stefan's constant (equal to [math]5.6703 \cdot10^{-8} \frac {W}{m^2K^4}[/math])
 * A is the radiating area in [math]m^2[/math]
 * T is the temperature of the radiating source in K and [math]T_C[/math] is the surrounding temperature.

Specific Heat

This is the amount of heat per unit mass needed to raise a substance's temperature by 1 °C. It is represented by the following formula:

[math]Q=mC\Delta T[/math]

Where Q is the heat needed, C is the specific heat, m is the mass, and ΔT is the change in temperature. Every substance has its own specific heat. For example, water's specific heat is 4.184 J/g*K

Laws
Betz’ law/limit

Only a certain amount of energy can be harnessed from the wind; 59.3%; the theoretical maximum coefficient of power for any wind turbine.

Joule's Law

Energy losses are directly proportional to the square of the current. Thus, reducing the current by a factor of two will lower the energy lost to conductor resistance by a factor of four for any given size of conductor.

Kelvin's Law

The optimum size of a conductor for a given voltage and current can be estimated by Kelvin's law for conductor size. Kelvin's Law states that the size is at its optimum when the annual cost of energy wasted in the resistance is equal to the annual capital charges of providing the conductor. At times of lower interest rates, Kelvin's law indicates that thicker wires are optimal; while, when metals are expensive, thinner conductors are indicated: however, power lines are designed for long-term use, so Kelvin's law has to be used in conjunction with long-term estimates of the price of copper and aluminum as well as interest rates for capital.

Laws of Thermodynamics


 * Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics: If two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.
 * First Law of Thermodynamics (also known as Law of Conservation of Energy): Energy cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system.
 * Second Law of Thermodynamics: The entropy of any isolated system always increases.
 * Third Law of Thermodynamics: The entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero.

The Competition
For the building set-up, there will be 2 stations: high speed and low speed. These may be at the same fan, but if they are at different fans, all teams will test at high speed at one and at low speed at the other. The event supervisors will provide the testing mount for your blades (don't bring your stand, ONLY the cd with blades attached). They will also provide the fan, motor/generator, load resistor, and device to measure voltage. There is a 3-minute time limit for each station. You will get a warning at 2 minutes. In the first 2.5 minutes, you may adjust, modify, and start and stop your blades. Within 2.5 minutes of the start of the testing period, you must tell the ES to begin measuring your voltage for 30 seconds. The ES must record the peak voltage that is measured during that period.

The written test will take place after impound. If a lengthier test is used for the event, teams will be called up separately to stations and resume the written portion after testing their build.

Scoring
As of 2017, the scoring for the building section is calculated as follows:

[math]25*\frac{ \text{Low speed voltage} }{ \text{Highest low speed voltage out of all teams} } + 25*\frac{ \text{High speed voltage} }{ \text{Highest high speed voltage out of all teams} }[/math]

The maximum possible score on the building section is 50.

As of 2017, the scoring for the test section is calculated as follows:

[math]50*\frac{ \text{Test score} }{ \text{Highest test score out of all teams} }[/math]

The maximum possible score on the test section is 50.

The test score and the building score are added together to determine a team's score, with the highest score winning.

Links

 * New York Coaches Conference
 * HyperPhysics
 * Scientific American
 * [[Media:Physics_Lab_Nationals_2010_Results_B.xlsx|Physics Lab Nationals 2010 Results B]]
 * Alternate Energy's Environmental Impacts
 * KidWind