Herpetology/Crocodilians and Turtles

This page contains information on members of Crocodylia and Testudines (Chelonia) on the Herpetology List. For more general information about the event, see Herpetology.

Order Crocodylia
There are 3 families of Crocodylia, with 23 species total. These families are:
 * Gavialidae, containing 2 species, encompassing gharials and false gharials;
 * Crocodylidae, containing 14 species in 3 genera, encompassing crocodiles; and
 * Alligatoridae, containing 7 species in 4 genera, encompassing alligators and caimans.

Family Alligatoridae (alligators and caiman)
There are two extant species of alligator: Alligator mississippiensis (the American alligator) and A. sinensis (the Chinese/Yangtze alligator). There are six extant species of caiman: Caiman yacare (the Yacare caiman), C. crocodilus (the spectacled caiman), C. latirostris (the broad-snouted caiman), Melanosuchus niger (the black caiman), Paleosuchus palpebrosus (Cuvier’s dwarf caiman), and Paleosuchus trigonatus (the smooth-fronted caiman).

Family Chelydridae (snapping turtles)
Chelydridae belongs to the suborder Cryptodira and has two extant genera, Chelydra and Macrochelys. Chelydra has three species: C. serpentina (the common snapping turtle), C. acutirostris (the South American snapping turtle), and C. rossignonii (the Central American snapping turtle). Macrochelys has anywhere from one to three extant species, M. suwanniensis (the Suwannee snapping turtle, previously though to be part of M. teminckii), M. teminckii (the alligator snapping turtle), and M. apalachicolae (the Apalachicola snapping turtle, which is not generally recognized as a different species from M. teminckii).

Family Kinosternidae (musk and mud turtles)
Kinosternidae belongs to the suborder Cryptodira and is split into two subfamilies, Kinosternon (consisting of subfamilies Kinosternoninae – with Kinosternon spp., the mud turtles, and Sternotherus spp., the musk turtles – and Staurotypinae – with Claudius angustatus, the narrow-bridged musk turtle and Staurotypus spp., the Mexican/giant/three-keeled/cross-breasted musk turtles). Staurotypinae may be better as a separate family (Staurotypidae). There are 24+ species.

Musk and mud turtles are also called kinosternids (alluding to the familial name). They are close relatives to Chelydridae, the snapping turtles.

Genus Terrapene (box turtles)
Terrapene belongs to subfamily Emydinae and is comprised of 12 taxa and 4 species (T. carolina, the common box turtle, T. coahuila, the Coahuilan/aquatic box turtle, T. nelsoni, the spotted box turtle, and T. ornata, the western/ornate box turtle). Terrapene was coined by Merrem in 1820 as a genus separate from Emys for those species that had a sternum separated into two or three divisions and that could move these parts independently. The Asian box turtle belongs to a separate genus, Cuora.

Genus Actinemys (western pond turtles)
Actinemys belongs to the subfamily Emydinae and has one species, A. marmorata. The taxonomy of the western pond turtle is currently under debate; at present, the IUCN Red List recognises that the western pond turtle belongs in its own genus. However, there is deliberation that it may belong to the genus Emys which is composed of the European pond turtle (E. orbicularis), the Sicilian pond turtle (E. trinacris), and Blanding’s turtle (E. blandingii) which may belong in a separate genus itself (Emydoidea). There were previously thought to be two subspecies of the western pond turtle: the southern western pond turtle (A. m. pallida) and the northern western pond turtle (A. m. marmorata), but now there is evidence for four separate groups, which do not match the distribution of the earlier described subspecies.

Genus Malaclemys (diamondback terrapins)
Malaclemys belongs to the subfamily Deirochelyinae and has one species, M. terrapin, which has seven subspecies. The Bermuda population has not been assigned a subspecies.

Genus Graptemys (map turtles)
Graptemys belongs to the subfamily Deirochelyinae and comprises 13 species and 15 taxa.

Genus Trachemys (sliders)
Trachemys belongs to subfamily Deirochelyinae. The most famous type of slider is the red-eared slider, T. scripta elegans, a subspecies of the pond slider. Thus, the information below will be for the red-eared slider.

Genus Chrysemys (painted turtles)
Chrysemys belongs to the subfamily Deirochelyinae and is a monotypic genus, with C. picta as its only species. It has four subspecies, C. p. picta (eastern), C. p. marginata (midland), C. p. dorsalis (southern), and C. p. bellii (western), which intergrade, or blend together, at range boundaries.

Genus Pseudemys (cooters and redbellies)
Pseudemys belongs to the subfamily Deirochelyinae, and there are seven species, some of which the validity remains in question:


 * P. alabamensis, the Alabama red-bellied cooter;
 * P. concinna, the river cooter, split up into the subspecies
 * P. c. concinna, the Eastern river cooter,
 * P. c. floridiana, the coastal plain/Florida cooter, and
 * P. c. suwanniensis, the Suwannee cooter;
 * P. gorzugi, the Rio Grande cooter;
 * P. nelsoni, the Florida red-bellied cooter;
 * P. peninsularis, the peninsula cooter;
 * P. rubriventris, the northern red-bellied cooter; and
 * P. texana, the Texas river cooter.

Genus Clemmys (spotted turtle)
Clemmys belongs to the subfamily Emydinae and has one species, C. guttata. Originally, Clemmys had four species, but they have since been moved (the bog turtle, Glyptemys muhlenbergii, the spotted turtle C. guttata, the western pond turtle Actinemys marmorata, and the wood turtle Glyptemys insculpta).

Genus Glyptemys (sculptured turtles - wood and bog turtles)
Glyptemys belongs to the subfamily Emydinae and comprises two species (the wood turtle G. insculpta and the bog turtle G. muhlenbergii). This genus used to belong to Clemmys. There are no recognized wood turtle subspecies although there are morphological differences between areas.

Genus Deirochelys (chicken turtle)
Deirochelys belongs to the subfamily Deirochelyinae and has one species, D. reticularia, which has three subspecies, the eastern chicken turtle D. r. reticularia, the Florida chicken turtle D. r. chrysea, and the western chicken turtle D. r. miaria.

Genus Emydoidea (Blanding’s turtles)
Emydoidea belongs to subfamily Emydinae and has one species, E. blandingii.

Family Testudinidae (tortoises)
Family Testudinidae has 15 genera and 45 species.

Family Cheloniidae (sea turtles)
Family Cheloniidae comprises six species in five genera (the green/black (sea)/Pacific green turtle Chelonia mydas, the loggerhead sea turtle Caretta caretta, the olive ridley/Pacific ridley sea turtle Lepidochelys olivacea, Kemp's ridley/the Atlantic ridley sea turtle L. kempii, the hawksbill sea turtle Eretmochelys imbricata, and the Australian flatback sea turtle Natator depressus).

Family Trionychidae (soft shelled turtles)
Trionychidae consists of the subfamilies Cyclanorbinae and Trionychinae. Many species were traditionally in Trionyx but have since been moved.