Pennsylvania

The state of Pennsylvania is one of the most competitive states, containing 324 teams. Their representatives at the national competition usually do very well. In fact, in Division B, Pennsylvania can claim two national titles (1994-1995), both from State College Junior High School. In Division C, Pennsylvania has won four national titles (1988, 1995, 2001, 2005), three of which are from Harriton High School and one from Haverford High School.

In 2004, Pennsylvania hosted the national tournament at Juniata College.

History
Pennsylvania's first state tournament took place in 1985 at Harrisburg Area Community College. In 1987, regional tournaments were conducted for the first time, and the number of regionals had expanded to four by 1991.

Past State Champions
This is a record of the past state champions and runners up, and their respective places at the national competition, if applicable. Scores at the state competition may be shown in parentheses.

Note:   * = Won on medal count

Past Scores

 * 2009
 * [[Media:PA-Bscores2009.pdf|B scores]]
 * [[Media:PA-Cscores2009.pdf|C scores]]
 * 2009 Pennsylvania State Tournament
 * 2010
 * [[Media:PA_2010_Bscores.pdf|B scores]]
 * [[Media:PA_2010_Cscores.pdf|C scores]]
 * 2010 Pennsylvania State Tournament
 * 2011
 * [[Media:PA-Bscores2011.pdf|B scores]]
 * [[Media:PA-Cscores2011.pdf|C scores]]
 * 2011 Pennsylvania State Tournament
 * 2012
 * [[Media:Pa2012bscores.pdf|B scores]] ([[Media:Pa2012btopten.pdf|B Top Ten]])
 * [[Media:Pa2012cscores.pdf|C scores]] ([[Media:Pa2012ctopten.pdf|C Top Ten]])
 * 2012 Pennsylvania State Tournament
 * 2013
 * [[Media:2013 PA B Results.pdf|B Scores]] ([[Media:Pa2013btopten.pdf|B Top Ten]])
 * [[Media:2013 PA C Results.pdf|C Scores]] ([[Media:Pa2013ctopten.pdf|C Top Ten]])
 * 2013 Pennsylvania State Tournament
 * 2014
 * [[Media:2014 PA B Results.pdf|B Scores]] ([[Media:Pa2014btopten.pdf|B Top Ten]])
 * [[Media:2014 PA C Results.pdf|C Scores]] ([[Media:Pa2014ctopten.pdf|C Top Ten]])
 * 2014 Pennsylvania State Tournament
 * 2015
 * [[Media:2015 PA B Results.pdf|B Scores]]
 * [[Media:2015 PA C Results.pdf|C Scores]]
 * 2015 Pennsylvania State Tournament
 * 2016
 * [[Media:2016 PA B Results.pdf|B Scores]]
 * [[Media:2016 PA C Results.pdf|C Scores]]
 * 2016 Pennsylvania State Tournament
 * 2017
 * [[Media:2017 PA B Results.pdf|B Scores]]
 * [[Media:2017 PA C Results.pdf|C Scores]]
 * 2017 Pennsylvania State Tournament
 * 2018
 * [[Media:2018PAB.pdf|B Scores]]
 * [[Media:2018PAC.pdf|C Scores]]
 * 2018 Pennsylvania State Tournament
 * 2019
 * [[Media:2019 PA B Results.pdf|B Scores]]
 * [[Media:2019 PA C Results.pdf|C Scores]]
 * 2019 Pennsylvania State Tournament

Competitions
Any detailed descriptions of each competition may be made here.

Invitationals

 * B Division Only
 * Rustin Invitational (Bayard Rustin High School ): Saturday, Jan 5th, 2019
 * Garnet Valley Invitational (Garnet Valley Middle School ): Saturday, Jan 26th, 2019
 * Eagle Invitational (Eagle View Middle School ): Saturday, Feb 9th, 2019
 * Little Tiger Invitational (Northwestern Lehigh High School ): Saturday, Feb 16th, 2019
 * C Division Only
 * Battle at Valley Forge Invitational (Conestoga High School ): Saturday, Jan 12th, 2019
 * Carnegie Mellon Invitational (Carnegie Mellon University ): Saturday, Jan 12th, 2019
 * North Pocono Invitational (North Pocono High School ): Saturday, Jan 26th, 2019
 * MC Barons Invitational (Manheim Central High School ): Saturday, Feb 2nd, 2019
 * Tiger Invitational (Northwestern Lehigh High School ): Saturday, Feb 9th, 2019
 * Penn Invitational (University of Pennsylvania ): Saturday, Feb 16th, 2019

County Competitions

 * Berks County (Kutztown University)- C Division Only: Thursday, January 10, 2019
 * Eastern Pennsylvania Conference - Pike/Monroe/Northampton/Lehigh Counties (Northampton Community College )- C Division Only: Friday, March 1st, 2019

Past Invitationals

 * Comet Invitational (Abington Heights Middle School)
 * Twin Tiers Invitational (Athens Area High School)
 * Harriton Festivus (Harriton High School)

Regional Competitions

 * Southeast (Neumann University ) - Wednesday, February 27th, 2019
 * Central (Millersville University of PA ) - Saturday, March 2nd, 2019
 * Northwest (Penn State Behrend ) - Tuesday, March 5th, 2019
 * Southwest (California University of Pennsylvania ) - Wednesday, March 6th, 2019
 * Northeast (Penn State-Wilkes Barre ) - Wednesday, March 6th, 2019
 * Central East (Kutztown University of Pennsylvania ) - Thursday, March 14th, 2019
 * Southeastern Urban (St. Joseph’s University ) - Saturday, March 16th, 2019



State Competition

 * 2019 location: Juniata College, Huntingdon, PA on Saturday, April 27.
 * 2 Teams move on to national competition in each division
 * In 2011, one spot was added to each division, resulting in 36 teams per division.

Awards

 * Medals awarded to top 6 in each event
 * Trophies awarded to top 6 in each division
 * 2 trial events have been held for both divisions in recent years. They have no effect on the overall team score, but medals are awarded to the top 3 places in each trial event.
 * In 2016, Hovercraft (B/C) was run.
 * In 2017, Bag of Bones, We've Got Your Number, and Code Busters were run.
 * In 2018, Chem Clues was run



2019 State Qualifying Teams

 * XX- Denotes that fewer spots were allotted to that region
 * # Team won a tiebreaker.


 * XX- Denotes that fewer spots were allotted to that region
 * # Team won a tiebreaker.
 * * Northwest Pennsylvania Collegiate Academy placed 2nd, North Clarion Senior High School placed 5th, Wilmington Area High School placed 6th, and Clarion Area High School placed 7th, but all declined their spots.

Past State Qualifying Teams
2018 State Qualifying Teams


 * XX- Denotes that fewer spots were allotted to that region
 * # Team won a tiebreaker.


 * XX- Denotes that fewer spots were allotted to that region
 * # Team won a tiebreaker.

2017 State Qualifying Teams


 * XX- Denotes that fewer spots were allotted to that region
 * # Team won a tiebreaker.


 * XX- Denotes that fewer spots were allotted to that region
 * # Team won a tiebreaker.
 * * East Stroudsburg High School South placed 6th, Pleasant Valley High School placed 7th, and Dallas High School placed 8th, but all declined their spots.

{|


 * 2016 State Qualifying Teams


 * XX- Denotes that fewer spots were allotted to that region
 * # Team won a tiebreaker.


 * XX- Denotes that fewer spots were allotted to that region
 * # Team won a tiebreaker.

Teams
This is a list of division B and C teams in Pennsylvania. Click on a region to see the teams.

Division B
{|
 * Northwest Teams
 * Northwest Teams

Northwest

 * Butler Junior High School
 * Brookville Area Junior High School
 * Clarion Area Junior High School
 * Clarion-Limestone Junior High School
 * DuBois Area Middle School
 * Farrell Area Middle School
 * Harbor Creek Junior High School
 * Kane Area Middle School
 * Laurel Junior High School
 * Maplewood Junior High School
 * Mount Nittany Middle School
 * Neshannock Junior High School
 * New Castle Christian Academy
 * North Clarion Junior High School
 * North East Middle School
 * Northwestern Middle School
 * Oil City Middle School
 * Park Forest Middle School
 * Penns Valley Junior High School
 * Redbank Valley Junior High School
 * Sugar Valley Rural Charter School
 * Wattsburg Area Middle School
 * West Shamokin Middle School
 * Wilmington Area Middle School
 * Woodrow Wilson Middle School


 * }

{|
 * Southwest Teams
 * Southwest Teams

Southwest

 * A.E. Oblock Junior High School
 * A.J. McMullan Middle School
 * Albiruni Holistic Academy
 * Bedford Middle School
 * Bellmar Middle School
 * Ben Franklin School
 * Burgettstown Area Middle School
 * Central Cambria Middle School
 * Charles Huston Middle School
 * Finley Middle School
 * Founders Hall/Tiger Stripe Academy
 * Franklin Regional Middle School
 * Frazier Middle School
 * Greater Latrobe Junior High School
 * HOPE for Hyndman Charter School
 * Independence Middle School
 * Ingomar Middle School
 * Leechburg Area Junior High School
 * McGuffey Middle School
 * Meyersdale Middle School
 * North Allegheny Intermediate High School
 * North Hills Junior High School
 * Norwin Middle School
 * Penns Manor Junior High School
 * Peters Township Middle School
 * Plum Junior High School
 * Portage Area Junior High School
 * Quaker Valley Middle School
 * Ringgold Middle School
 * Rochester Area Junior High School
 * Rostraver Middle School
 * Sewickley Academy Middle School
 * Shady Side Academy Middle School
 * Snowdrop Science Academy
 * Spring Valley School
 * St. Ursula School
 * West Allegheny Middle School
 * Winchester Thurston School
 * Windber Area Middle School
 * Woodland Hills Junior High School
 * Young Scholars of Western PA Charter School


 * }

{|
 * Central Teams
 * Central Teams

Central

 * Allen Middle School
 * Central Dauphin Middle School
 * Conestoga Valley Middle School
 * Eagle View Middle School
 * Eastern York Middle School
 * Elizabethtown Area Middle School
 * Ephrata Mennonite School
 * Garden Spot Middle School
 * Good Hope Middle School
 * Hanover Middle School
 * Harrisburg Academy
 * Hershey Middle School
 * J. Frank Faust Junior High School
 * Lancaster Mennonite Middle School
 * Lemoyne Middle School
 * Linglestown Middle School
 * McKinley K-8 School
 * Mechanicsburg Middle School
 * Middletown Area Middle School
 * Millersburg Area Middle School
 * Mount Nittany Middle School
 * Mountain View Middle School
 * Nittany Christian School
 * Northeastern Middle School
 * Park Forest Middle School
 * Penns Valley Middle School
 * Reynolds Middle School
 * Shippensburg Area Middle School
 * Southern Huntingdon County Middle School
 * Southern Middle School
 * Spring Grove Area Middle School
 * Truebright Science Academy Middle School
 * Veritas Academy
 * Warwick Middle School
 * Waynesboro Area Middle School
 * Wheatland Middle School
 * Young Scholars of Central PA Charter School


 * }

{|
 * Southeast Teams
 * Southeast Teams

Southeast

 * Abington Friends School
 * Abington Junior High School
 * Armenian Sisters Academy
 * Bala Cynwyd Middle School
 * Cedarbrook Middle School
 * Chichester Middle School
 * Colonial Middle School
 * Corpus Christi Catholic School
 * Delaware County Christian School
 * Devon Preparatory School
 * E.T. Richardson Middle School
 * E.N. Peirce Middle School
 * Friends Central Middle School
 * G.A. Stetson Middle School
 * Garnet Valley Middle School
 * Haverford Middle School
 * Holicong Middle School
 * Jack M. Barrack Hebrew Academy
 * J.R. Fugett Middle School
 * Keith Valley Middle School
 * Maple Point Middle School
 * MaST Community Charter School
 * Northley Middle School
 * Paxon Hollow Middle School
 * Pennridge Central Middle School
 * Pennridge North Middle School
 * Pennridge South Middle School
 * Penn Wood Middle School
 * Poquessing Middle School
 * Pottsgrove Middle School
 * Ridley Middle School
 * Robert Shafer Middle School
 * Springton Lake Middle School
 * Strath Haven Middle School
 * Tamanend Middle School
 * The Shipley School
 * Tohickon Middle School
 * Tredyffrin-Easttown Middle School
 * Twin Valley Middle School
 * Unami Middle School
 * University Scholars PA Leadership Charter School
 * Upper Merion Area Middle School
 * Valley Forge Middle School
 * Waldron Mercy Academy
 * Welsh Valley Middle School
 * Wissahickon Middle School


 * }

{|
 * Central East Teams
 * Central East Teams

Central East

 * Boyertown Junior High School East
 * Brandywine Heights Middle School
 * Colonial Middle School
 * Conrad Weiser Middle School
 * East Hills Middle School
 * Exeter Township Junior High School
 * Fleetwood Area Middle School
 * Governor Mifflin Middle School
 * Hamburg Area Middle School
 * J.R. Fugett Middle School
 * Kutztown Area Middle School
 * Moravian Academy Middle School
 * Muhlenberg Middle School
 * Nazareth Area Middle School
 * Northwest Middle School
 * Northwestern Lehigh Middle School
 * Orefield Middle School
 * Pottsgrove Middle School
 * Schuylkill Valley Middle School
 * Springhouse Middle School
 * Tohickon Middle School
 * Tulpehocken Junior High School
 * Twin Valley Middle School
 * Upper Merion Area Middle School
 * Whitehall-Coplay Middle School
 * Wyomissing Area Middle School
 * Young Scholars of Central Pennsylvania Charter School


 * }

{|
 * Northeast Teams
 * Northeast Teams

Northeast

 * Abington Heights Middle School
 * Bear Creek Community Charter School
 * Bloomsburg Middle School
 * Central Columbia Middle School
 * Crestwood Middle School
 * Dallas Middle School
 * Delaware Valley Middle School
 * Dingman Delaware Middle School
 * Greater Nanticoke Area Educational Center
 * Harlan Rowe Middle School
 * Hazleton Area Junior High School
 * Jersey Shore Middle School
 * J.T. Lambert Intermediate School
 * Lake Lehman Junior High School
 * Lehman Intermediate School
 * Martin L. Mattei Middle School
 * MMI Preparatory Middle School
 * Mount Carmel Middle School
 * Mount Nittany Middle School
 * Mountain View Junior High School
 * Muncy Junior High School
 * North Pocono Middle School
 * Old Forge Junior High School
 * Park Forest Middle School
 * Pittston Area Middle School
 * Pocono Mountain East Junior High School
 * Stroudsburg Junior High School
 * Sugar Valley Rural Charter School
 * Tunkhannock Middle School
 * Wallenpaupack Area Middle School
 * Wayne Highlands Middle School
 * Western Wayne Middle School
 * Wilkes-Barre Academy
 * Wyalusing Valley Junior High School
 * Wyoming Area Secondary Center
 * Wyoming Seminary Lower School
 * Wyoming Valley West Middle School


 * }

{|
 * Southeast Urban Teams
 * Southeast Urban Teams

Southeast Urban

 * Blaine Academy Plus School
 * Conwell Magnet Middle School
 * Folk Arts-Cultural Treasures Charter School
 * Friere Charter School
 * George W. Nebinger Elementary School
 * Kirkbride Elementary School
 * Penn Alexander School
 * Penrose School
 * Philadelphia Performing Arts Charter School
 * Simon Gratz Prep Mastery Middle Charter School
 * St. Katherine of Siena School
 * Vare-Washington Elementary School
 * William D. Kelley Elementary School
 * William M. Meredith School


 * }

Division C
{|
 * Northwest Teams
 * Northwest Teams

Northwest

 * Brockway Area High School
 * Brookville Area Senior High School
 * Cardinal Wuerl North Catholic High School
 * Clarion Area High School
 * Clarion-Limestone High School
 * DuBois Area Senior High School
 * Farrell Area High School
 * Franklin Area High School
 * Harbor Creek High School
 * Indiana Area Senior High School
 * Kane Area High School
 * Kittanning Senior High School
 * Laurel Senior High School
 * Maplewood Senior High School
 * Meadville Senior High School
 * Montour High School
 * Neshannock Senior High School
 * North Clarion Senior High School
 * North East High School
 * Northwest Pennsylvania Collegiate Academy
 * Northwestern High School
 * Oil City Senior High School
 * Penns Manor High School
 * Penns Valley High School
 * Pittsburgh Allderdice High School
 * Redbank Valley Senior High School
 * Ridgway Area High School
 * Saegertown High School
 * Seneca High School
 * Sharpsville Area High School
 * State College Area High School
 * Titusville High School
 * Union Area High School
 * Venango Catholic High School
 * Venango Technology Center
 * Warren Area High School
 * Wilmington Area High School


 * }

{|
 * Southwest Teams
 * Southwest Teams

Southwest

 * Baldwin High School
 * Belle Vernon Area High School
 * Bethel Park High School
 * Brownsville High School
 * Burgettstown Area High School
 * Burrell High School
 * California Area High School
 * Canon-McMillan High School
 * Cardinal Wuerl North Catholic High School
 * Career Connections Charter High School
 * Elizabeth Forward High School
 * Fort Cherry Senior High School
 * Franklin Regional High School
 * Frazier High School
 * Gateway Senior High School
 * Greater Latrobe Senior High School
 * Hollidaysburg Area High School
 * HOPE for Hyndman Charter School
 * Jefferson Morgan High School
 * McGuffey High School
 * Montour High School
 * Mount Lebanon High School
 * North Allegheny Senior High School
 * Norwin High School
 * Penn Cambria Senior High School
 * Penns Manor Senior High School
 * Peters Township High School
 * Pittsburgh Allderdice High School
 * Pittsburgh Central Catholic High School
 * Plum Senior High School
 * Portage Area Senior High School
 * Quaker Valley High School
 * Ringgold High School
 * Rochester Area Senior High School
 * Shady Side Academy High School
 * Somerset Area High School
 * South Fayette High School
 * Trinity Christian School
 * Trinity High School
 * Uniontown Area High School
 * Upper St. Clair High School
 * West Allegheny High School
 * Woodland Hills High School


 * }

{|
 * Central Teams
 * Central Teams

Central

 * Bermudian Springs High School
 * Bishop McDevitt High School
 * Carlisle Area High School
 * Cedar Cliff High School
 * Central Dauphin East High School
 * Central Dauphin High School
 * Central York High School
 * Chambersburg Senior High School
 * Conestoga Valley High School
 * Cumberland Valley High School
 * Dallastown Area High School
 * Dauphin County Technical School
 * Delone Catholic High School
 * Donegal High School
 * Dover High School
 * Eastern York High School
 * Elizabethtown Area High School
 * Ephrata Mennonite School
 * Exeter Township Senior High School
 * Garden Spot High School
 * Gettysburg Area High School
 * Harrisburg Academy
 * Harrisburg High School SciTech Campus
 * Hershey High School
 * Hollidaysburg Area Senior High School
 * Lancaster Catholic High School
 * Lancaster Mennonite High School
 * Lower Dauphin High School
 * Manheim Central High School
 * Mechanicsburg Area Senior High School
 * Middletown Area High School
 * Midd-West High School
 * Millersburg Area High School
 * Milton Hershey School
 * New Oxford High School
 * Palmyra Area High School
 * Penns Valley High School
 * Red Land High School
 * Red Lion Area High School
 * Shippensburg Senior High School
 * Southern Huntingdon County High School
 * Spring Grove Area High School
 * State College Area High School
 * Susquehanna Township High School
 * Susquehannock High School
 * The Hill School
 * Truebright Science Academy
 * Warwick High School
 * Waynesboro Area Senior High School
 * Wyoming Seminary Upper School
 * York Suburban High School


 * }

{|
 * Southeast Teams
 * Southeast Teams

Southeast

 * Abington Friends School
 * Abington Senior High School
 * B. Reed Henderson High School
 * Bayard Rustin High School
 * Bensalem High School
 * Central Bucks High School East
 * Central Bucks High School South
 * Central Bucks High School West
 * Central Montco Technical High School
 * Cheltenham High School
 * Chichester High School
 * Conestoga High School
 * Council Rock High School South
 * Delaware County Christian School
 * Devon Preparatory High School
 * Downingtown High School East
 * Downingtown High School West
 * Downingtown STEM Academy
 * Friends Central High School
 * Friends Select School
 * Garnet Valley High School
 * Germantown Friends School
 * Great Valley High School
 * G.W. Carver High School of Engineering and Science
 * Harriton High School
 * Hatboro-Horsham High School
 * Haverford High School
 * Jack M. Barrack Hebrew Academy
 * Julia R. Masterman School
 * Lower Merion High School
 * Marple Newtown High School
 * MaST Community Charter School
 * Mastery Charter School Thomas Campus
 * Methacton High School
 * Neshaminy High School
 * New Hope Academy
 * New Hope-Solebury High School
 * North Penn High School
 * Northeast High School
 * Penn Wood High School
 * Penncrest High School
 * Perkiomen School
 * Philadelphia High School for Girls
 * Phoenixville Area High School
 * Plymouth Whitemarsh High School
 * Pottsgrove High School
 * Ridley High School
 * St. Basil Academy
 * St. Joseph's Preparatory School
 * Springfield High School
 * Strath Haven High School
 * Sun Valley High School
 * Swenson Arts and Technology High School
 * The Haverford School
 * The Shipley School
 * Truebright Science Academy
 * Unionville High School
 * University Scholars PA Leadership Charter School
 * Upper Dublin High School
 * Upper Merion Area High School
 * West Chester East High School
 * Westtown School


 * }

{|
 * Central East Teams
 * Central East Teams

Central East

 * Allentown Central Catholic High School
 * Antietam High School
 * Bensalem High School
 * Bermudian Springs High School
 * Bethlehem Catholic High School
 * Boyertown Area Senior High School
 * Central Bucks High School East
 * Central Bucks High School South
 * Central Bucks High School West
 * Conrad Weiser High School
 * Council Rock High School South
 * Daniel Boone Area High School
 * Easton Area High School
 * Emmaus High School
 * Exeter Township Senior High School
 * Fleetwood Area High School
 * Freedom High School
 * Governor Mifflin High School
 * Hamburg Area High School
 * Kutztown Area High School
 * Lehigh Valley Academy
 * Liberty High School
 * Louis E. Dieruff High School
 * Moravian Academy Upper School
 * Muhlenberg High School
 * Nazareth Area High School
 * New Hope Academy
 * New Hope-Solebury High School
 * Northampton Area High School
 * Northwestern Lehigh High School
 * Oley Valley High School
 * Parkland High School
 * Perkiomen Valley High School
 * Pine Grove Area High School
 * Plymouth Whitemarsh High School
 * Reading Senior High School
 * Schuylkill Valley High School
 * Southern Lehigh Senior High School
 * Tamaqua Area High School
 * Twin Valley High School
 * Upper Merion Area High School
 * Whitehall High School
 * William Allen High School
 * Wilson Area High School
 * Wilson-West Lawn High School
 * Wyoming Seminary Upper School
 * Wyomissing Area Senior High School


 * }

{|
 * Northeast Teams
 * Northeast Teams

Northeast

 * Abington Heights High School
 * Athens Area High School
 * Central Columbia High School
 * Crestwood Senior High School
 * Dallas High School
 * Delaware Valley High School
 * Dunmore High School
 * East Stroudsburg High School North
 * East Stroudsburg High School South
 * Greater Nanticoke Area High School
 * Hazleton Area Academy of Sciences
 * Hazleton Area High School
 * Holy Redeemer High School
 * Honesdale High School
 * Jersey Shore High School
 * Lackawanna Trail High School
 * Lake Lehman Senior High School
 * Lehighton High School
 * Mid Valley High School
 * MMI Preparatory High School
 * Mount Carmel High School
 * Mountain View Senior High School
 * Muncy Senior High School
 * North Pocono High School
 * North Rome Christian School
 * Northwest Area High School
 * Old Forge Senior High School
 * Palmerton High School
 * Pine Grove Area High School
 * Pittston Area High School
 * Pleasant Valley High School
 * Pocono Mountain East High School
 * Pocono Mountain West High School
 * Scranton Preparatory School
 * Shamokin Area High School
 * Stroudsburg High School
 * Sugar Valley Rural Charter School
 * Sullivan County High School
 * Tunkhannock Area High School
 * Wallenpaupack Area High School
 * Weatherly Area High School
 * Western Wayne High School
 * Wyalusing Valley Senior High School
 * Wyoming Area Secondary Center
 * Wyoming Seminary Upper School
 * Wyoming Valley West High School


 * }

{|
 * Southeast Urban Teams
 * Southeast Urban Teams

Southeast Urban

 * Boys Latin of Philadelphia Charter School
 * Friends Select School
 * G.W. Carver High School of Engineering and Science
 * Julia R. Masterman School
 * Kensington Creative and Performing Arts High School
 * Parkway Center City High School
 * Penn Upward Bound Math and Science
 * Swenson Arts and Technology High School


 * }