Bottle Rocket

In Bottle Rocket participants design and construct two bottle rockets (made out of one-liter bottles) which each hold a Grade A egg and have to launch it successfully. Participants are scored upon how long the rockets stay in the air and get tiered if eggs break.

Event Overview
The objective of this event is to get your rocket to stay up as long as possible, while also avoiding breaking the egg. An egg survived if it leaves no wet spot on a paper towel. Before even thinking about time, make sure eggs do not break! Rockets with broken eggs are placed in lower tiers than ones with 2 surviving eggs.

To build a competitive rocket, experiment! The more rockets launched, the better idea one will get of what works and what doesn't. It also helps to watch other team's rockets at competitions and see how they perform. This page provides some of what has been learned over the past few years, but there is no substitute to experimenting with one's own designs!

Major Factors
There are two basic factors that work towards time: height and cone (backsliding). These in combination will get a high time of flight. One strategy is to go all out on one of these by either having a rocket that goes almost out of sight but has a weak backslide or having a rocket with great backslide that doesn't go that high. This will achieve some success, but a combination of both is required to have maximum success.

Height
The most common misconception is that the lighter a rocket is, the higher it will go. This is not always true, as stability is required to achieve maximum height. Maximum stability occurs when the center of gravity is ahead of the center of pressure. The center of gravity may be found by balancing the rocket on a finger; the center of gravity of the bottle rocket will be directly above this point. The center of pressure is the point where the rocket would be balanced vertically if held in a strong wind. Achieving stability often means adding weight to the end of the nose cone.

Again, a good way of finding stability is by launching the rocket with different amounts of weight put in different places. One suggestion is adding a penny at a time until the rocket's height at apogee starts to lower, which should make it easier to find the rocket's optimal balance. Fins may also be added to the rocket, but their shape and size does not appear to have a large influence on height.

Backsliding
Under the current rules, backsliding is used as the primary recovery system for the rocket. This is a form of passive recovery system that slows the fall of the rocket, thus increasing its total flight time and decreasing the velocity at which it strikes the ground, making the egg less likely to break. More information on backsliding may be found in the Recovery System section below.

Chance
Bottle Rocket has built up a bit of a reputation as an event that is affected significantly by chance. Before reading any further, you must understand that chance does play a role in the event, as prevailing winds, humidity, temperature, and other weather conditions can all affect rocket performance. However, you should also remember that chance favors the prepared mind. While these factors cannot be completely mitigated or predicted, bottle rockets can be made to function in as many environments as possible through practice and testing. It can also be a good idea to bring a container or other form of covering for a rocket in the case of rain at a competition.

Components
The following are the components of most bottle rocket designs:
 * A. The bottle: a standard 1L carbonated bottle of any shape or color that is not modified in any way
 * B. The nose cone: cone shape on top of bottle that is beneficial and necessary to achieve winning times. Usually the top of a plastic egg works great.
 * C. The fins: used to add stability to the rocket, usually 3 or 4 of them

Pressure Vessel
The rocket's pressure vessel in Bottle Rocket is an unmodified standard 1 liter plastic carbonated beverage bottle of any shape or color. The inside of the vessel must be able to be inspected, i.e. it must not be spray painted or covered in opaque duct tape. Labels can be removed, but need to be presented to the judges to prove the size and other information about the bottle.

Recovery System
The rules state that "Rockets must not change shape or deploy and type of recovery system." This bans parachutes and any other non-rigid recovery devices. A few of the systems you should experiment with are backsliders and gliders. Backsliders are the rockets that are modified so that at apogee, in stead of flipping over and heading for the ground, they float back in a higher drag configuration than a nose-dive. A great guide to backslider construction can be found in the links below. Next, are the gliders. You will want to be very careful when designing your wings as to prevent violation of the definition of a parachute or the change of shape rule.

Passive
Passive recovery systems help slow the descent without changing the profile of the rocket.

Backsliders

Backsliders are the rockets that are modified so that at apogee, instead of flipping over and heading for the ground, they float back in a higher drag configuration than a nose-dive. This set includes true backsliders which actually fall vertically without tipping at all immediately after apogee and rockets that modify the aerodynamics at apogee to float. A true backslider can be made by taking your aerodynamically stable rocket and moving the CG back closer to the CP. Other ways of modifying the aerodynamics at apogee include removal of the cone or a ball, or tilting the fins for a "spin" recovery. This is a very broad category with plenty of designs to try out. A great guide to backslider construction can be found in the links below.This is the most common recovery design and, if built correctly, can achieve a hang time of over 30 seconds.

Gliders

Next, are the gliders. This design also has a lot of potential. The most successful variations of gliders will most likely deploy the wings at apogee and glide to the ground. Teams that plan on using gliders want to be very careful when designing the wings as to prevent violation of the definition of a parachute. The two main things to be sure to include are that there is a rigid border to the wings, and that the covering on the wings is reasonably taut.

Propellors

Finally, one or several propellers can be used to slow the descent. The hard parts about this design is getting the rocket to be positioned so that the propellor(s) will actually turn and hiding the propellers until apogee.

Active
Note: Active recovery systems such as parachutes are not permitted for the 2016-2017 season.

Fins
Fins usually add to the stability of the rocket. Tape is the only material allowed to secure fins to the rocket, and the fins must be 5 centimeters above the bottle opening. Generally, 3 or 4 fins are sufficient for rockets.

Wood is commonly used as material for the fins. However, finding the right thickness of the wood may be tricky. If the wood is too thick, it will weigh down the bottom of the rocket and shift the center of balance/pressure, which will affect the trajectory of the rocket's flight. Thin wood is very vulnerable to cracking and splitting, especially if the rocket does not land smoothly. Based on the rules, if the fins (or any other part of the rocket) break off during the flight, a violation will occur and the rocket will be tiered.

There are many other materials that can be used as fins for your rocket; finding and testing different materials will often yield best results.

Shape
The shape of the fins is something that is often debated. Generally speaking, the shape of the fins should not affect much especially on the way up, but on the way down during the backsliding stage, more area can mean more drag for longer times, to a certain extent. Fins can also be positioned at angles to cause the rocket to rotate. Experiment with different shapes, but for the most part, any of the simple designs below will result in adequate results.



Nose
The nose (or nose cone) is the main part of the rocket. It will determine the quality of the flight of the rocket. The tip of the nose must be rounded enough for a standard 2 liter bottle cap to be placed on it with no part of the nose touching the inside top of the bottle cap.

There are many ways and materials to build a nose. Usually, the nose will be mostly conical (hence the name "nose cone"), with an opening at the top to place the non-pointed object (ping pong balls, etc.). It is important to be able to easily re-create your nose cone, as they are very accident-prone.

When attaching the nose to the bottle, make sure it is secured. A good way to test this is to try and wiggle it. If the nose can be wiggled after it has been attached to the body, then it is not attached well enough.

Launcher
If at all possible, try to test the rockets with the same launcher that will be used during competitions. Sometimes the event supervisor or director will announce the launcher that will be used during the competition, so if you can obtain that exact launcher then you will have accurate results. The Aquaport II Water Rocket Launcher is a very good (but costly) launcher and was used during the 2011 National Tournament. The Bigfoot Water Rocket Launcher is also expensive, but has all of the features necessary.

A more cost-effective way to get a launcher is to build your own. This site features a cheap easy launcher, although it may not be as good quality as the other, more expensive launchers.

Strategy
In addition to the two time factors stated above, there is one more: the weather. Colder weather will have a negative effect on your rocket's performance. Try to waterproof your rocket. In combination with other factors, this will get you the time desired. One possibility is adding balls of clay one at a time until the rocket's height at apogee starts to decrease. This will make it easy to find the optimum balance of your rocket. You will also want to have fins on your rocket, but the shape and size of the fins do not appear to have a large influence on height as long as there are even fins. Again, testing will determine this.

Due to rule updates, parachutes will be grounds for disqualification, so expect winning times to be greatly decreased from the 1-2 minute launches of the past. This change will limit the role of luck in the event and reward good engineering and innovation. The working definition for a parachute is anything that "fills with air," which creates a simply dichotomy of acceptable recovery systems. If a recovery system fills with air to operate, it will be considered a parachute. This bans parachutes and any other non-rigid recovery devices. The key test in determining if a parachute is present us rigidity.

Remember, the most important part of Bottle Rockets is repetition, and an excess of about 70+ hours of launching tests is recommended (meaning, several hundred runs for maximum efficiency). Be sure to test all available options and configurations for the best rocket.

Past Bottle Rocket Information
Through the years, Bottle Rocket has undergone several rule changes. The following information applies to old rules, and is not valid under current rules; however, they may prove useful in future years.

Parachutes
Parachutes By far the most commonly used (and won with) recovery system is the parachute. Parachutes come in all shapes and sizes and materials, but the most common shape of the parachute is the circle, which offers the most surface area per material. Some teams have achieved great success with a semi spherical design, but this is very difficult to make. The general rule for size of the parachute is to make the parachute as large as possible, sometimes reaching up to a diameter of 7 feet. This is a bit extreme, but it is the best way go for the good time, if it can be made to work. Materials range from rip stop nylon (great but expensive) to a cut-up garbage bag. The most common material used on more successful designs is plastic from a drop cloth, which one can get this at a local hardware store, but as with all scientific quests, one should test different materials in order to determine what works best.

Deployment
The hardest part of any parachute based system is getting the parachute to deploy at apogee consistently. Two mainstream solutions to this problem have been developed. First and most simple is the passive deployment system, which uses the fact that the rocket tips over at apogee to make the nose cone fall off. This design usually consists of a nose cone that fits very loosely and is supported by either tabs or a margarine lid. This prevents the cone from being forced too far down at take-off. This way the tipping of the rocket separates the nose cone and body. The next challenge is getting the parachute out of the nose cone. With parachutes getting increasingly larger, many teams are now using drouge chutes to pull out and open the main parachute. A drouge chute is simply a smaller parachute attached to the larger parachute. Many people also use talc powder to lubricate the parachute allowing it to leave the nose cone with less friction (it also makes a cool white cloud if you use enough). The other solution is active deployment. This involves a mechanical system that detects the apogee and pushes the parachute out of the nose cone. Most of these systems involve airspeed flaps and can be very finicky. More information on these designs can be found in the links below.

Past Results
Please note that results before 2013 will include designs that allowed for parachutes.

Links

 * Backslider Construction Information
 * Past National Event Chair's web page, includes his past national winning designs
 * Original active deployment with an airspeed flap
 * Rockets Away- simulation for testing rockets
 * A great site for rocket construction
 * Links and Concepts
 * Design Page for Index Card Fins