Anatomy and Physiology B/C

[jxxu20]

Sorry, my wording was a little off -- but yeah, you got all of them correct! Your turn

[platypusomelette]

Digest-o-rama :O also don't need to answer all of these

1. What are the three salivary glands? Which one makes the most saliva?
2. Define serous vs mucous saliva
3. What are the layers of the stomach?
4. Why is it important that your chyme gets neutralized in the duodenum, and what does your pancreas release to do so?
5. What are the 3 layers of outer muscularis in the stomach and what overall function do they serve / why are they in different directions?
6. What two plexuses innervate the stomach and what layers are they in?
7. How many incisors, cuspids, and molars does an adult have? How many sets of molars do you have (first, etc.)
8. What is the fatty lymph from the lacteals in your small intestine called? What about the similarly named mix of acid and food in your stomach?
9. The angle of _____ is the turn taken around your cardia and helps as a valve to keep stomach contents out of the esophagus. What is the result of babies not having this?
10. What are the three layers of your stomach mucosa? What tiny structures are in its very surface and what do they hold?
11. Name the three / four? different divisions of your pharynx based on what they connect to
12. How do protons in the blood act around hemoglobin? (allosteric, competitive? inhibitor, promoter, substrate?)
13. Describe the oxygen dissociation curve. What shape is it? What are the axes? How do you use it / what does it mean?
14. Explain why smoking is bad for you, or maybe why it gives you emphysema

(here are the ones I didn't answer from jxxu if anyone wants them)
4. If a person has a tidal volume of 600 mL and breathes 12 times per minute, calculate the approximate alveolar ventilation rate.
8. _____, _____, and _____ are the three main proteolytic enzymes in the small intestine that cleave polypeptides into subunits known as peptides.
11. Differentiate between cytotoxic T-cells and natural killer cells.
12. What cytokine stimulates the differentiation of B-cells?
13. Compare and contrast between MHC Class I and MHC Class II.
14. What is the most common and versatile antibody (immunoglobulin)?
15. Describe the mechanisms of cell-mediated and humoral immunity.

[jxxu20]

1. Parotid, submandibular, sublingual. Parotid gland produces the most saliva
2. Mucous saliva contains glycoproteins, proteins, and lipids and acts as a lubricant whereas serous saliva is mainly water and contains amylase which digests starch
3. (From inner to outer): Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
4. Chyme is neutralized b/c it came from the stomach. The stomach is very acidic and the duodenum wouldn't be able to stand the chyme's acidity. Bicarbonate juice (secreted by the pancreas) neutralizes chyme.
5. (I'm guessing for this one and only thought of two layers): Inner circular smooth muscle, outer longitudinal smooth muscle? Perhaps there's an "oblique layer" if there's a longitudinal layer. The layers help to perform peristalsis, which pushes chyme in the alimentary canal forward.
6. Auerbach's (Myenteric's) and Meissner's plexus. Auerbach's plexus is located in the longitudinal muscle layer of the muscularis externa and the Meissner's plexus is located in the submucosa of the stomach.
7. 8 incisors, 4 cuspids, 12 molars? I'm assuming you're not including bicuspids (premolars) and there are 8 bicuspids in the mouth. We have first molars, second molars (permanent) and third molars (wisdom teeth).
8. Chylomicron
11. Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
13. O2 dissociation curve is in a sigmoidal shape. X-axis is partial pressure of oxygen and y-axis is percent oxygen saturation of hemoglobin at a given partial pressure of oxygen. It shows you how much of the hemoglobin is "filled" with oxygen at a given point. When the percent sat. of hemoglobin is lower it usually means that the body is using up this oxygen for cellular respiration. If the curve shifts to the right, it indicates decreased pH, increased 2,3-BPG, and increased temperature whereas a leftwards shift indicates a higher pH, decreased 2,3-BPG and a lower temperature.

Questions by platypusomelette that I didn't answer:
9. The angle of _____ is the turn taken around your cardia and helps as a valve to keep stomach contents out of the esophagus. What is the result of babies not having this?
10. What are the three layers of your stomach mucosa? What tiny structures are in its very surface and what do they hold?
12. How do protons in the blood act around hemoglobin? (allosteric, competitive? inhibitor, promoter, substrate?)
14. Explain why smoking is bad for you, or maybe why it gives you emphysema

[platypusomelette]

1. Parotid, submandibular, sublingual. Parotid gland produces the most saliva
2. Mucous saliva contains glycoproteins, proteins, and lipids and acts as a lubricant whereas serous saliva is mainly water and contains amylase which digests starch
3. (From inner to outer): Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
4. Chyme is neutralized b/c it came from the stomach. The stomach is very acidic and the duodenum wouldn't be able to stand the chyme's acidity. Bicarbonate juice (secreted by the pancreas) neutralizes chyme.
5. (I'm guessing for this one and only thought of two layers): Inner circular smooth muscle, outer longitudinal smooth muscle? Perhaps there's an "oblique layer" if there's a longitudinal layer. The layers help to perform peristalsis, which pushes chyme in the alimentary canal forward.
6. Auerbach's (Myenteric's) and Meissner's plexus. Auerbach's plexus is located in the longitudinal muscle layer of the muscularis externa and the Meissner's plexus is located in the submucosa of the stomach.
7. 8 incisors, 4 cuspids, 12 molars? I'm assuming you're not including bicuspids (premolars) and there are 8 bicuspids in the mouth. We have first molars, second molars (permanent) and third molars (wisdom teeth).
8. Chylomicron
11. Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
13. O2 dissociation curve is in a sigmoidal shape. X-axis is partial pressure of oxygen and y-axis is percent oxygen saturation of hemoglobin at a given partial pressure of oxygen. It shows you how much of the hemoglobin is "filled" with oxygen at a given point. When the percent sat. of hemoglobin is lower it usually means that the body is using up this oxygen for cellular respiration. If the curve shifts to the right, it indicates decreased pH, increased 2,3-BPG, and increased temperature whereas a leftwards shift indicates a higher pH, decreased 2,3-BPG and a lower temperature.

Questions by platypusomelette that I didn't answer:
9. The angle of _____ is the turn taken around your cardia and helps as a valve to keep stomach contents out of the esophagus. What is the result of babies not having this?
10. What are the three layers of your stomach mucosa? What tiny structures are in its very surface and what do they hold?
12. How do protons in the blood act around hemoglobin? (allosteric, competitive? inhibitor, promoter, substrate?)
14. Explain why smoking is bad for you, or maybe why it gives you emphysema

Nice job, all correct except the sublingual actually makes the most saliva even though the parotid is bigger. Bicarbonate also allows pancreatic enzymes to work at a proper more alkaline pH. Your turn!

[jxxu20]

1. What do alveoli secrete to keep themselves from collapsing? What type of alveolar cell is involved in this process?
2. Vasoconstriction can result from reduced concentrations of what in the blood?
3. Name the two linings/pleurae that surround the lungs.
4. What is the ideal tidal volume of a healthy person?
5. What stomach cell secretes the zymogen pepsinogen? What substance converts it into its active form pepsin?
6. Describe the pathway of starch/carbohydrate digestion within the body.
7. The absorptive cells of the small intestine are also known as what?
8. Material from the small intestine (ileum) enters the large intestine through the _____ _____.
9. Describe the significance of the gallbladder. If someone did not have a functioning gallbladder, what type of food must he/she restrict the intake of in their diet?
10. Compare and contrast between red pulp and white pulp in the spleen.
11. Describe the process of the inflammatory response. What line of immune defense is this associated with (first, second, third)?
12. Virus-infected cells secrete _____ which bind to other surrounding cells to prepare them for an upcoming invasion.
13. What are the precursors of macrophages? How could one differentiate between a macrophage and another phagocyte, such as a neutrophil? (What characteristics do macrophages have that other phagocytes don't)
14. The chemical _____ prevents blood from clotting during inflammatory response and increases vasodilation.
15. Name 3 different types of APC's (antigen-presenting cells) and describe how they "connect" the innate and adaptive immune systems together.

Again, you don't have to answer all of them

[platypusomelette]

1. What do alveoli secrete to keep themselves from collapsing? What type of alveolar cell is involved in this process?
2. Vasoconstriction can result from reduced concentrations of what in the blood?
3. Name the two linings/pleurae that surround the lungs.
4. What is the ideal tidal volume of a healthy person?
5. What stomach cell secretes the zymogen pepsinogen? What substance converts it into its active form pepsin?
6. Describe the pathway of starch/carbohydrate digestion within the body.
7. The absorptive cells of the small intestine are also known as what?
8. Material from the small intestine (ileum) enters the large intestine through the _____ _____.
9. Describe the significance of the gallbladder. If someone did not have a functioning gallbladder, what type of food must he/she restrict the intake of in their diet?
10. Compare and contrast between red pulp and white pulp in the spleen.
11. Describe the process of the inflammatory response. What line of immune defense is this associated with (first, second, third)?
12. Virus-infected cells secrete _____ which bind to other surrounding cells to prepare them for an upcoming invasion.
13. What are the precursors of macrophages? How could one differentiate between a macrophage and another phagocyte, such as a neutrophil? (What characteristics do macrophages have that other phagocytes don't)
14. The chemical _____ prevents blood from clotting during inflammatory response and increases vasodilation.
15. Name 3 different types of APC's (antigen-presenting cells) and describe how they "connect" the innate and adaptive immune systems together.

Again, you don't have to answer all of them

Answers (Click to Show Hidden Text)

1. Surfactant, made by type 2 alveolar cells
3. Visceral and parietal pleurae
5. Gastric chief cells, and HCl activates pepsinogen
6. (not sure about this one) They are digested partially at first by salivary amylase, then by pancreatic amylase in the duodenum and absorbed in the jejunum.
7. Enterocytes
8. ileocecal sphincter
9. The gallbladder contains excess bile created by the liver, and squeezes bile into the duodenum to help emulsify fats. Someone without a gallbladder would need to restrict fat

Questions I didn't answer (Click to Show Hidden Text)

2. Vasoconstriction can result from reduced concentrations of what in the blood?
4. What is the ideal tidal volume of a healthy person?
10. Compare and contrast between red pulp and white pulp in the spleen.
11. Describe the process of the inflammatory response.  What line of immune defense is this associated with (first, second, third)?
12. Virus-infected cells secrete _____ which bind to other surrounding cells to prepare them for an upcoming invasion.
13. What are the precursors of macrophages?  How could one differentiate between a macrophage and another phagocyte, such as a neutrophil? (What characteristics do macrophages have that other phagocytes don't)
14. The chemical _____ prevents blood from clotting during inflammatory response and increases vasodilation.
15. Name 3 different types of APC's (antigen-presenting cells) and describe how they "connect" the innate and adaptive immune systems together.

[jxxu20]

All correct! Adding on to what you said on #6, pancreatic amylase breaks down polysaccharides (after coming from the mouth) into disaccharides. These disaccharides are maltose, sucrose, and lactose. Because disaccharides themselves are too large to be absorbed by the small intestine, the microvilli on the brush border of the small intestine secrete maltase, sucrase, and lactase which break down the disaccharides into their individual monomers (constituents): 2 glucose molecules (maltose), a glucose and fructose molecule (sucrose) and a glucose and galactose molecule (lactose). These are then absorbed into the bloodstream through an electrochemical gradient. The monomers enter the hepatic portal vein and travel to the liver to be stored as glycogen. Your turn!

[sciencepeeps]

Questions I didn't answer (Click to Show Hidden Text)

2. Vasoconstriction can result from reduced concentrations of what in the blood?
4. What is the ideal tidal volume of a healthy person?
10. Compare and contrast between red pulp and white pulp in the spleen.
11. Describe the process of the inflammatory response.  What line of immune defense is this associated with (first, second, third)?
12. Virus-infected cells secrete _____ which bind to other surrounding cells to prepare them for an upcoming invasion.
13. What are the precursors of macrophages?  How could one differentiate between a macrophage and another phagocyte, such as a neutrophil? (What characteristics do macrophages have that other phagocytes don't)
14. The chemical _____ prevents blood from clotting during inflammatory response and increases vasodilation.
15. Name 3 different types of APC's (antigen-presenting cells) and describe how they "connect" the innate and adaptive immune systems together.

2. Oxygen?
4. Most places say 500 mL, but it really depends on what “healthy” means. I would say anywhere between 420-700 mL.
10. Red pulp removes bacteria and old RBCs from the blood has RBCs, lymphocytes, and macrophages in it. White pulp is basically just lymphocytes, but also helps to purify the blood.
11. It’s usually associated with the 2nd line of defense. It is triggered by something abnormal, when the first line of defense is broken. Mast cells rush to the site and release histamine, which is basically a signal for other immune cells to go to the site. This histamine causes redness, swelling, and heat.
12. Interferons
13. Monocytes turn into macrophages. Macrophages are a lot bigger than other phagocytes.
14. Heparin?
15. Macrophages, B cells, dendritic cells. They interact with pathogens without memory, but they also interact with cells in the adaptive immune system.

[sciencepeeps]

Sorry, I’m a scioly noob

[jxxu20]

All correct, except that vasoconstriction is caused by a decrease in carbon dioxide, not oxygen.