Difference between revisions of "Anatomy/Digestive Secretion List"

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m (oops I am bad at formatting)
(Added to and consolidated digestive enzymes)
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|Regulates pH of duodenal contents; increases watery bicarbonate solution from pancreatic & bile duct epithelium; triggers increased release from pancreas following oral glucose intake; inhibits gastrin release from stomach from G cells; stimulates pepsin secretion from chief cells & release of glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide, somatostatin
 
|Regulates pH of duodenal contents; increases watery bicarbonate solution from pancreatic & bile duct epithelium; triggers increased release from pancreas following oral glucose intake; inhibits gastrin release from stomach from G cells; stimulates pepsin secretion from chief cells & release of glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide, somatostatin
 
|Used in medical field, esp. in pancreatic function tests (increases pancreatic secretions); first hormone identified  
 
|Used in medical field, esp. in pancreatic function tests (increases pancreatic secretions); first hormone identified  
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 +
{|class="wikitable"
 +
|+Digestive Enzymes
 +
!Enzyme Name
 +
!Source
 +
!Substrates
 +
!Products
 +
!Notes (if applicable)
 +
|-
 +
!Aminopeptidase
 +
|Small intestine
 +
|Amino acid at amino end of peptides
 +
|Amino acids & peptides
 +
|n/a
 +
|-
 +
!Carboxypeptidase
 +
|Pancreatic acinar cells
 +
|Amino acid at carboxyl end of peptides
 +
|Amino acids & peptides
 +
|Activated from procarboxypeptidase by trypsin; optimum pH varies
 +
|-
 +
!Chymotrypsin
 +
|Pancreatic acinar cells
 +
|Proteins
 +
|Peptides
 +
|Activated from chymotrypsinogen by trypsin; optimum pH 7.8
 +
|-
 +
!Deoxyribonuclease
 +
|Pancreatic acinar cells
 +
|DNA
 +
|Nucleotides
 +
|n/a
 +
|-
 +
!Dipeptidase
 +
|Small intestine
 +
|Dipeptides
 +
|Amino acids
 +
|n/a
 +
|-
 +
!Elastase
 +
|Pancreatic acinar cells
 +
|Proteins
 +
|Peptides
 +
|Activated from proelastase by trypsin
 +
|-
 +
!Enterokinase
 +
|Small intestine
 +
|Trypsinogen
 +
|Trypsin
 +
|n/a
 +
|-
 +
!Gastric lipase
 +
|Stomach chief cells
 +
|Triglycerides
 +
|Fatty acids & monoglycerides
 +
|Optimum pH 4-5
 +
|-
 +
!Lactase
 +
|Small intestine
 +
|Lactose
 +
|Glucose & galactose
 +
|n/a
 +
|-
 +
!Lingual lipase
 +
|Lingual glands in tongue
 +
|Triglycerides (fats & oils) & other lipids
 +
|Fatty acids & diglycerides
 +
|Optimum pH 4.5-5.5
 +
|-
 +
!Maltase
 +
|Small intestine
 +
|Maltose
 +
|Glucose
 +
|n/a
 +
|-
 +
!Nucleosidases & phosphatases
 +
|Small intestine
 +
|Nucleotides
 +
|Nitrogenous bases, pentoses, phosphates
 +
|n/a
 +
|-
 +
!Pancreatic amylase
 +
|Pancreatic acinar cells
 +
|Starches
 +
|Maltose, maltotriose, α-dextrins
 +
|Optimum pH 6.7-7.0
 +
|-
 +
!Pancreatic lipase
 +
|Pancreatic acinar cells
 +
|Triglycerides emulsified by bile salts
 +
|Fatty acids & monoglycerides
 +
|Optimum pH 8.0
 +
|-
 +
!Pepsin
 +
|Stomach chief cells
 +
|Proteins
 +
|Peptides
 +
|Activated from pepsinogen by pepsin & HCl; optimum pH 1.5-1.6
 +
|-
 +
!Ribonuclease
 +
|Pancreatic acinar cells
 +
|RNA
 +
|Nucleotides
 +
|n/a
 +
|-
 +
!Sucrase
 +
|Small intestine
 +
|Sucrose
 +
|Glucose & fructose
 +
|n/a
 +
|-
 +
!Salivary amylase
 +
|Salivary glands
 +
|Starches
 +
|Maltose, maltotriose (trisaccharide), α-dextrins
 +
|Optimum pH 6.7-7
 +
|-
 +
!Trypsin
 +
|Pancreatic acinar cells
 +
|Proteins
 +
|Peptides
 +
|Activated from trypsinogen by enterokinase; optimum pH 7.8-8.7
 +
|-
 +
!α-Dextrinase
 +
|Small intestine
 +
|α-dextrins
 +
|Glucose
 +
|n/a
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
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|-
 
|-
 
|Saliva||Moistens, Lubricates||6.5-7.5
 
|Saliva||Moistens, Lubricates||6.5-7.5
−
|-
 
−
|<span style="color:#E00000 ">Salivary Amylase</span>||Digests Starch||6.7-7
 
−
|-
 
−
|<span style="color:#E00000 ">Lipase</span>||Begins Lipid Digestion||4.5-5.5
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|<span style="color:#E00000">Lysozyme</span>||Kills Bacteria||---
 
|<span style="color:#E00000">Lysozyme</span>||Kills Bacteria||---
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|+Stomach- Chief Cells
 
|+Stomach- Chief Cells
 
!Fluid/Enzyme!!Function!!Optimum pH
 
!Fluid/Enzyme!!Function!!Optimum pH
−
|-
 
−
|<span style="color:#E00000">Pepsinogen</span>||Digests Protein||1.5-1.6
 
−
|-
 
−
|<span style="color:#E00000">Gastric Lipase</span>||Digests Lipids||4-5
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|<span style="color:#E00000">Chymosin</span>||Coagulates Milk||3.5
 
|<span style="color:#E00000">Chymosin</span>||Coagulates Milk||3.5
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|Bicarbonate Ions||controls pH levels||alkaline
 
|Bicarbonate Ions||controls pH levels||alkaline
 
|-
 
|-
−
|<span style="color:#E00000 ">Trypsin</span>||hydrolyzes (digests) proteins||7.8-8.7
 
−
|-
 
−
|<span style="color:#E00000 ">Chymotrypsin</span>||digests proteins||7.8
 
−
|-
 
−
|<span style="color:#E00000 ">Carboxypeptidase</span>||hydrolyzes (digests) proteins||varies (different forms)
 
−
|-
 
−
|<span style="color:#E00000 ">Pancreatic amylase</span>||breaks down starch||6.7-7.0
 
−
|-
 
−
|<span style="color:#E00000 ">Pancreatic lipase</span>||breaks down fats||8.0
 
−
|-
 
−
|<span style="color:#E00000 ">Nuclease</span>||breaks nucleic acids||varies
 
 
|}
 
|}
−
 
−
{|class="sortable" style="text-align:center"
 
−
|+Small Intestine
 
−
!Fluid/Enzyme!!Function!!Optimum pH
 
−
|-
 
−
|<span style="color:#E00000 ">Peptides</span>||digests polypeptides||---
 
−
|-
 
−
|<span style="color:#E00000 ">Amylase</span>||digests starch||---
 
−
|-
 
−
|<span style="color:#E00000 ">Lipase</span>||digests lipids||---
 
−
|-
 
−
|<span style="color:#E00000 ">Sucrase</span>||digests sucrose||---
 
−
|-
 
−
|<span style="color:#E00000 ">Maltase</span>||digests maltose||---
 
−
|-
 
−
|<span style="color:#E00000 ">Lactase</span>||digests lactose||---
 
−
|}
 
−
 
  
 
[[Category:Anatomy]]
 
[[Category:Anatomy]]

Revision as of 07:29, 24 March 2012

For the Digestive System page, see Anatomy/Digestive System


Various parts of the digestive tract secrete many enzymes and fluids. This page is a comprehensive list of those secretions, their source, and their functions.

  • Enzymes speed up digestive processes to make digestion faster.
  • Hormones can stimulate digestion, and the release of hormones into the organs.
  • Mucus can protect the inner wall of organs, as well as lubricating them for movement.

Digestive Secretion List

Hormones
Hormone Name Produced By Secreted By Method of Stimulation Effect Notes (if applicable)
Cholecystokinin (CCK) L-cells in the mucosal epithelium of the small intestine Duodenum Fatty acids and peptides Causes release of digestive enzymes and bile from the pancreas and gallbladder, respectively; slightly decreases gastric secretion; causes contraction of the gallbladder & relaxation of the hepatopancreatic ampullar sphincter; strongly decreases gastric motility; hunger suppressant Induces drug tolerance to opioids and is implicated in the pain hypersensitivity during opioid withdrawal; peptide
Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP) K cells, found in the mucosa of the duodenum and jejunum K cells, found in the mucosa of the duodenum and jejunum n/a Induces insulin secretion; has significant effect on fatty acid metabolism Does NOT neutralize stomach acid (that's secretin); absence of GIP receptors correlated with resistance to obesity
Gastrin G cells in the antrum of the stomach, duodenum, and pancreas G cells of the duodenum and in the pyloric antrum of the stomach Distension; partially digested proteins, autonomic stimulation, ingestion of alcohol or caffeine – release inhibited by stomach pH of 2 (negative feedback) & somatostatin, secretin, gastroinhibitory peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide, glucagon, calcitonin Stimulates secretion of gastric acid (HCl) by the parietal cells in the stomach; causes a minor increase in gastric motility; stimulates parietal cell maturation & fundal growth; induces pancreatic secretions & gallbladder emptying Peptide; found primarily in big (34), little (17), & mini (14) forms, with numbers referring to amino acid count. Optimum pH 5-7
Motilin M cells in the small intestine, esp. duodenum & jejunum M cells in the small intestine, esp. duodenum & jejunum Alkaline pH in the duodenum Increases the migrating myoelectric complex component of GI motility; stimulates the production of pepsin; increases release of pancreatic polypeptide & somatostatin; "housekeeper of the gut" – improves peristalsis in the small intestine & clears the gut to prepare for the next meal n/a
Secretin (SCT) Cytoplasmic secretory granules of S-cells, in the mucosa of the duodenum & (in smaller numbers) the jejunum Duodenum Low duodenal pH (2-4.5) – release inhibited by H2 antagonists Regulates pH of duodenal contents; increases watery bicarbonate solution from pancreatic & bile duct epithelium; triggers increased release from pancreas following oral glucose intake; inhibits gastrin release from stomach from G cells; stimulates pepsin secretion from chief cells & release of glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide, somatostatin Used in medical field, esp. in pancreatic function tests (increases pancreatic secretions); first hormone identified
Digestive Enzymes
Enzyme Name Source Substrates Products Notes (if applicable)
Aminopeptidase Small intestine Amino acid at amino end of peptides Amino acids & peptides n/a
Carboxypeptidase Pancreatic acinar cells Amino acid at carboxyl end of peptides Amino acids & peptides Activated from procarboxypeptidase by trypsin; optimum pH varies
Chymotrypsin Pancreatic acinar cells Proteins Peptides Activated from chymotrypsinogen by trypsin; optimum pH 7.8
Deoxyribonuclease Pancreatic acinar cells DNA Nucleotides n/a
Dipeptidase Small intestine Dipeptides Amino acids n/a
Elastase Pancreatic acinar cells Proteins Peptides Activated from proelastase by trypsin
Enterokinase Small intestine Trypsinogen Trypsin n/a
Gastric lipase Stomach chief cells Triglycerides Fatty acids & monoglycerides Optimum pH 4-5
Lactase Small intestine Lactose Glucose & galactose n/a
Lingual lipase Lingual glands in tongue Triglycerides (fats & oils) & other lipids Fatty acids & diglycerides Optimum pH 4.5-5.5
Maltase Small intestine Maltose Glucose n/a
Nucleosidases & phosphatases Small intestine Nucleotides Nitrogenous bases, pentoses, phosphates n/a
Pancreatic amylase Pancreatic acinar cells Starches Maltose, maltotriose, α-dextrins Optimum pH 6.7-7.0
Pancreatic lipase Pancreatic acinar cells Triglycerides emulsified by bile salts Fatty acids & monoglycerides Optimum pH 8.0
Pepsin Stomach chief cells Proteins Peptides Activated from pepsinogen by pepsin & HCl; optimum pH 1.5-1.6
Ribonuclease Pancreatic acinar cells RNA Nucleotides n/a
Sucrase Small intestine Sucrose Glucose & fructose n/a
Salivary amylase Salivary glands Starches Maltose, maltotriose (trisaccharide), α-dextrins Optimum pH 6.7-7
Trypsin Pancreatic acinar cells Proteins Peptides Activated from trypsinogen by enterokinase; optimum pH 7.8-8.7
α-Dextrinase Small intestine α-dextrins Glucose n/a
Salivary Glands
Fluid/Enzyme Function Optimum pH
Saliva Moistens, Lubricates 6.5-7.5
Lysozyme Kills Bacteria ---


Stomach- Foveolar Cells
Fluid/Enzyme Function Optimum pH
Mucus Protects Stomach Wall ---


Stomach- Chief Cells
Fluid/Enzyme Function Optimum pH
Chymosin Coagulates Milk 3.5


Stomach- Parietal Cells
Fluid/Enzyme Function Optimum pH
Hydrochloric Acid Kills Bacteria, Activates Pepsinogen -> Pepsin, Lowers pH level 1
Inrinsic Factor Absorbs Vitamin B12 7
Liver- Hepatocytes
Fluid/Enzyme Function Optimum pH
Bile Assists in the digestion of lipids 7.5-8.8


Pancreas
Fluid/Enzyme Function Optimum pH
Bicarbonate Ions controls pH levels alkaline
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