Difference between revisions of "Density Lab"

From Wiki - Scioly.org
Jump to navigation Jump to search
(32 intermediate revisions by 13 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
−
{{Stub}}
 
 
{{EventLinksBox
 
{{EventLinksBox
−
|active=
+
    | active       = yes
−
|type=Physics
+
    | 2018thread    = [https://scioly.org/forums/viewtopic.php?f=264&t=11048 2018 (Trial)]
−
|cat=Lab
+
    | 2019thread    = [https://scioly.org/forums/viewtopic.php?f=284&t=12172 2019]
−
|B Champion=
+
    | 2020thread    = [https://scioly.org/forums/viewtopic.php?f=284&t=15381 2020]
 +
    | 2021thread    = [https://scioly.org/forums/viewtopic.php?f=284&t=15381 2021]
 +
    | 2019tests    = 2019
 +
    | testsArchive  =
 +
    | 2019questions = [https://scioly.org/forums/viewtopic.php?f=297&t=12438 2019]
 +
    | 2020questions = [https://scioly.org/forums/viewtopic.php?f=297&t=15881 2020]
 +
    | 2021questions = [https://scioly.org/forums/viewtopic.php?f=297&t=18458 2021]
 +
    | type         = Physics
 +
    | cat           = Lab
 +
    | B Champion   = Pleasant Ridge Middle School
 +
    | 2ndBName      = Springhouse Middle School
 +
    | 3rdBName      = Longfellow Middle School
 +
    | Website      = https://www.soinc.org/density-lab-b
 
}}
 
}}
 +
'''Density Lab''', also known by the names '''Buoyancy Lab''' and '''Buoy Oh Buoy''', is an event for the [[2021]] season. It previously was held in the [[2019]] season, the first season it was an official event, and the [[2020]] season. It was previously a trial event at the [[Colorado State University 2018|2018 National Tournament]]. This events consists of two parts - a written test on density, buoyancy, concentrations, and the behavior of gases, and one or more hands-on tasks relating to those concepts.
  
−
[[Density Lab]], also known by the names '''Buoyancy Lab''' and '''Buoy Oh Buoy''', is a new event rotating in for the 2019 season. It was previously a trial event at the [[Colorado State University 2018|2018 National Tournament]]. This events consists of two parts - a written test on density, buoyancy, concentrations, and the behavior of gases, and one or more hands-on tasks relating to those concepts (in this way, the event is structured similarly to another Physics event, [[Shock Value]]/[[Circuit Lab]]).
 
  
 
==Test Description==
 
==Test Description==
−
A Density Lab test will normally require the basic or previous knowledge of chemistry and in some cases simple physics. An event like [[Chemistry Lab]] can really help you excel during the test if you understand the concepts.
+
A Density Lab test consists of two parts, a written test and at least one hands-on task. The written test is 50% to 75% of the total event score, while the hands-on portion contributes the remaining 25% to 50%. The event requires a basic knowledge of chemistry and physics as they pertain to density, concentrations, gas behavior, and buoyancy.
 +
 
 +
Students must use metric units with correct [[Significant Figures|significant figures]], unless instructed otherwise.
  
 
===Possible Hands-On Tasks===
 
===Possible Hands-On Tasks===
Line 16: Line 29:
 
* measure or calculate the mass density of a given solid
 
* measure or calculate the mass density of a given solid
 
* collect a volume of gas and calculate the volume, mass, and mass density
 
* collect a volume of gas and calculate the volume, mass, and mass density
−
* determine the number density of multiple objects, such as a bag of brown M&M's
+
* determine the number density of multiple objects, such as the number of brown M&M's in a bag of M&M's
 
* determine the mass that a given helium balloon can lift
 
* determine the mass that a given helium balloon can lift
 
* determine the depth to which an object may sink in water
 
* determine the depth to which an object may sink in water
 
* determine the density of a material at different temperatures
 
* determine the density of a material at different temperatures
 +
Most hands-on tasks will require students to make measurements using provided instruments. For this reason, it is recommended that students practice the hands-on tasks using a variety of instrumentation and techniques.
 +
 +
==Density==
 +
In general, '''density''' is a description of the amount of a substance per unit volume or area. There are several common expressions of density, including mass density, number density, and area density. Usually the term density is used to refer to mass density.
 +
 +
Densities are expressed in a variety of different units, depending on what type of density it is and the units used to express the mass, number, area, and volume of the substance. All densities, however, are rates and thus their units follow the general form <nowiki>[Unit of mass or number] per [Unit of volume or area]</nowiki>. For example, the mass density of gold is approximately 19.3 grams per cubic centimeter.
 +
 +
In general, the density of a material is greatest when it is a solid and decreases as it changes phase to a liquid and from a liquid to a gas. This is not always the case, however; water is less dense as a solid than liquid. Likewise, within a single phase, density usually decreases with increasing temperature, a phenomenon known as ''thermal expansion''. Conversely, substances within a single phase usually increase in density with decreasing temperature, known as ''thermal contraction''.
 +
[[File: Density Equation.png|thumb|200px|right|(Mass) Density equation.]]
 +
===Mass Density===
 +
'''Mass density''', usually just called density, is the mass of a substance per unit volume. It is usually represented by the lowercase Greek letter rho ([math]\rho[/math]).
 +
 +
The formula for calculating density is shown in the image to the right.
 +
 +
===Number Density===
 +
'''Number density''' is the number of countable objects per unit volume. It is given by the formula [math]\rho_{N} = \frac{N}{V}[/math] where [math]\rho_{N}[/math] is the number density of the objects, [math]N[/math] is the number of the objects, and [math]V[/math] is the volume of space being examined.
 +
 +
Number density can be calculated for any objects, though it is often used for the density of individual atoms or molecules. It is important to specify the object the number density refers to when writing the unit.
 +
 +
===Area Density===
 +
'''Area density''' is the mass of an object per unit of surface area. It is commonly used for expressing density of objects such as paper or fabrics, whose thickness is not easily found using typical measuring instruments.
 +
 +
The formula for area density is [math]\rho_A = \frac{m}{A}[/math] where [math]\rho_{A}[/math] is the area density, [math]m[/math] is the mass of the object, and [math]A[/math] is the surface area over which the density is expressed.
 +
 +
==Concentrations==
 +
A '''concentration''' is an expression of the amount of one substance that is present in a given amount of a mixture of substances. Similar to density, concentrations may be expressed in multiple ways, including mass per unit mass ("mass/mass"), mass per unit volume ("mass/volume"), and volume per unit volume ("volume/volume").
 +
 +
Similar to density, the units used to express concentration will depend on the units of mass or volume used to measure the substance and mixture, but are rates and follow the general form <nowiki>[Unit of mass or volume] per [Unit of mass or volume]</nowiki>. For example, the concentration of salts in seawater is approximately 3.5 grams per liter.
 +
 +
When a concentration is mass/mass or volume/volume and the mass or volume of the substance and mixture are measured in the same units, the concentration may also be expressed as a proportion in percent, parts-per-million, or parts-per-billion notation. For example, if one gram of red dye was added to 100 grams of water, the concentration may be expressed as 0.01 grams (of dye) per gram (of water), or 1%. If expressing a concentration as a proportion, it is necessary to specify whether the proportion refers to a mass/mass or volume/volume concentration by stating "by mass" or "by volume" afterward. In the previous example, this would be done by stating the concentration as "1% ''by mass''".
 +
 +
==Gas Laws==
 +
Gas laws describe the relationship between key variables of gases. These variables include:
 +
*'''Temperature''' (T) - a measure of the average kinetic energy of gas molecules; usually given in units of kelvin (K)
 +
*'''Pressure''' (P) - a measure of force per unit area resulting from collisions of gas molecules; usually given in units of pascals (Pa), equivalent to one newton per square meter
 +
*'''Volume''' (V) - the amount of space occupied by the gas; usually given in units of cubic meters (m³)
 +
*'''Amount of substance''' (n) - the number of atoms or molecules of the gas; usually given in units of moles (mol), equivalent to 6.022×10<sup>23</sup> atoms or molecules
 +
[[File:Basic Gas Laws.png|thumb|450px|right|Common gas law equations.]]
 +
When using gas laws that involve temperature, it is necessary to only use units of absolute temperature. Absolute temperature scales express absolute zero, the lowest theoretically-possible temperature, as zero on the scale. Therefore, doubling the temperature on an absolute scale represents a double in the average kinetic energy of the gas particles. The most common scale of absolute temperature is the Kelvin scale. In contrast, Fahrenheit and Celsius temperatures are not absolute and must be converted to an absolute temperature before being used for calculation.
 +
 +
A summary of the gas laws are shown in the image to the right and the table below.
 +
 +
{|class="wikitable"
 +
|+Summary of Gas Laws
 +
!Law
 +
!Variable quantities
 +
!Constant quantities
 +
|-
 +
!Boyle's Law
 +
|Pressure (P), Volume (V)
 +
|Temperature (T), Amount (n)
 +
|-
 +
!Charles' Law
 +
|Volume (V), Temperature (T)
 +
|Pressure (P), Amount (n)
 +
|-
 +
!Gay-Lussac's Law
 +
|Pressure (P), Temperature (T)
 +
|Volume (V), Amount (n)
 +
|-
 +
!Combined Gas Law
 +
|Pressure (P), Volume (V), Temperature (T)
 +
|Amount (n)
 +
|-
 +
!Avogadro's Law
 +
|Volume (V), Amount (n)
 +
|Pressure (P), Temperature (T)
 +
|-
 +
!Ideal Gas Law
 +
|Pressure (P), Volume (V), Temperature (T), Amount (n)
 +
|None
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 +
===Boyle's Law===
 +
'''Boyle's law''' states that for a constant temperature and amount of gas, the pressure and volume are inversely proportional. Mathematically, this can be stated as the product of the pressure and volume of the gas being a constant: [math]PV=k[/math]
 +
 +
For two combinations of pressure and volume for a fixed amount and temperature of gas, the relationship may also be written [math]P_{1}V_{1}=P_{2}V_{2}[/math]
 +
 +
===Charles' Law===
 +
'''Charles' Law''' states that for a constant amount and pressure of gas, the volume and temperature are directly proportional. Mathematically, this can be stated as the ratio of the volume of the gas to the temperature of the gas being a constant: [math]\frac{V}{T}=k[/math]
 +
 +
For two combinations of volume and temperature for a fixed amount and pressure of gas, the relationship may also be written [math]\frac{V_{1}}{T_{1}}=\frac{V_{2}}{T_{2}}[/math]
 +
 +
===Gay-Lussac's Law===
 +
'''Gay-Lussac's Law''' states that for a constant volume and amount of gas, the pressure and temperature are directly proportional. Mathematically, this can be stated as the ratio of the pressure of the gas to the temperature of the gas being a constant: [math]\frac{P}{T}=k[/math]
 +
 +
For two combinations of pressure and temperature for a fixed amount and volume of gas, the relationship may also be written [math]\frac{P_{1}}{T_{1}}=\frac{P_{2}}{T_{2}}[/math]
 +
 +
===Combined Gas Law===
 +
Any two of Boyle's, Charles', and Gay-Lussac's laws may be combined to find the '''combined gas law''', which states that for a constant amount of gas, the ratio of the product of pressure and volume to the temperature of the gas is a constant: [math]\frac{PV}{T}=k[/math]
 +
 +
For two combinations of pressure, volume, and temperature for a fixed amount of gas, the relationship may also be written [math]\frac{P_{1}V_{1}}{T_{1}}=\frac{P_{2}V_{2}}{T_{2}}[/math]
 +
 +
===Avogadro's Law===
 +
'''Avogadro's law''' states that for a constant pressure and temperature of gas, the amount of gas is directly proportional to the volume occupied by the gas. This can be stated as the ratio of the volume of the gas to the amount of gas being a constant: [math]\frac{V}{n}=k[/math]
 +
 +
Many physical processes that occur at Earth's surface are assumed to occur at conditions of '''standard temperature and pressure''' (STP). These conditions are often stated to be a temperature of 0°C and a pressure of 1 bar. Under these conditions of standard and pressure, 1 mole of gas occupies a volume of approximately 22.71 liters.
 +
 +
===Ideal Gas Law===
 +
The '''ideal gas law''' relates the pressure, volume, amount, and temperature of a gas to one another. It is given by the equation [math]PV=nRT[/math], where [math]R[/math] is a constant known as the '''ideal gas constant'''.
 +
 +
The value and units of the ideal gas constant will depend on the units used to express the variables in the ideal gas law. Some common values are given in the table below.
 +
 +
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
 +
|+Common Values of Ideal Gas Constant (R)
 +
!Value of R
 +
!Unit of Pressure
 +
!Unit of Volume
 +
!Unit of Amount
 +
!Unit of Temperature
 +
!Unit for R
 +
|-
 +
!8.314
 +
|Pascal (Pa)
 +
|Cubic meter (m<sup>3</sup>)
 +
|Mole (mol)
 +
|Kelvin (K)
 +
|[math]\frac{Pa*m^{3}}{mol*K}[/math]
 +
|-
 +
!8314
 +
|Pascal (Pa)
 +
|Liter (L)
 +
|Mole (mol)
 +
|Kelvin (K)
 +
|[math]\frac{Pa*L}{mol*K}[/math]
 +
|-
 +
!8.314×10<sup>-5</sup>
 +
|Bar (bar)
 +
|Cubic meter (m<sup>3</sup>)
 +
|Mole (mol)
 +
|Kelvin (K)
 +
|[math]\frac{bar*m^{3}}{mol*K}[/math]
 +
|-
 +
!0.08314
 +
|Bar (bar)
 +
|Liter (L)
 +
|Mole (mol)
 +
|Kelvin (K)
 +
|[math]\frac{bar*L}{mol*K}[/math]
 +
|-
 +
!0.08206
 +
|Atmosphere (atm)
 +
|Liter (L)
 +
|Mole (mol)
 +
|Kelvin (K)
 +
|[math]\frac{atm*L}{mol*K}[/math]
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 +
==Archimedes' Principle==
 +
[[File:Archimedes' Principle.png|thumb|250px|right|Example of Archimedes' Principle]]
 +
 +
'''Archimedes' Principle''' states that any body completely or partially submerged in a fluid (gas or liquid) is acted upon by an upward, or buoyant, force. The magnitude of this force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body.
 +
 +
If the object is completely submerged, the volume of displaced fluid is equivalent to the volume of the object. If the object is floating and is only partially submerged, the volume of displaced fluid is equal to the fraction of the object's volume below the surface of the fluid. The weight of the displaced fluid is equivalent to the magnitude of the buoyant force and may be calculated using the formula [math]F_g=ma[/math] where [math]F_g[/math] represents the gravitational force or weight acting on the volume of displaced fluid, [math]m[/math] is the mass of the displaced fluid, and [math]a[/math] is the acceleration due to gravity, which is essentially constant at 9.8 m/s<sup>2</sup> near Earth's surface.
 +
 +
In the case that an object is floating and does not rise or sink, the buoyant force on the object is equivalent in magnitude to the weight of the floating object and is opposite in direction. If the object is rising, the buoyant force must be greater than the magnitude of the of the weight of the floating object. If the object sinks, the buoyant force has a lesser magnitude than the weight of the floating object; however, the buoyant force will reduce the sensible weight of the object, as shown in the diagram to the right.
 +
==Reference==
 +
===Glossary===
 +
 +
{|class="wikitable sortable"
 +
!Term
 +
!Definition
 +
|-
 +
!Archimedes' principle
 +
|A statement that any body submerged in a fluid is subject to an upward buoyant force that has a magnitude equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body.
 +
|-
 +
!Area density
 +
|The amount of mass per unit surface area. It is usually represented by the Greek letter rho with a subscript A ([math]\rho_{A}[/math]).
 +
|-
 +
!Avogadro's law
 +
|A gas law which states that for a constant temperature and pressure of a gas, the volume occupied by the gas is directly proportional to the amount of gas.
 +
|-
 +
!Boyle's law
 +
|A gas law which states that for a constant temperature and amount of gas, pressure and volume are inversely proportional to each other.
 +
|-
 +
!Charles' law
 +
|A gas law which states that for a constant pressure and amount of gas, temperature and volume are directly proportional to each other.
 +
|-
 +
!Combined gas law
 +
|A gas law resulting from a combination of any two of Boyle's, Charles', or Gay-Lussac's laws. States that for a constant amount of gas the ratio of the product of the pressure and volume to the temperature is a constant.
 +
|-
 +
!Concentration
 +
|An expression of the amount of one substance that is present in a given amount of a mixture of substances.
 +
|-
 +
!Density
 +
|The amount of a substance per unit volume or area. See also ''mass density''.
 +
|-
 +
!Gay-Lussac's law
 +
|A gas law which states that for a constant volume and amount of gas, pressure and temperature are directly proportional to each other.
 +
|-
 +
!Ideal gas law
 +
|A gas law relating the pressure, volume, amount, and temperature of a gas to one another.
 +
|-
 +
!Mass density
 +
|The mass of a substance per unit volume. It is usually represented by the Greek letter rho ([math]\rho[/math]). May also be referred to simply as ''density''.
 +
|-
 +
!Mixture
 +
|A collection of two or more distinct substances.
 +
|-
 +
!Mole
 +
|A unit for expressing an amount of substance, equal to 6.022×10<sup>23</sup> atoms or molecules.
 +
|-
 +
!Number density
 +
|The number of countable objects per unit volume. It is usually represented by the Greek letter rho with a subscript N ([math]\rho_{N}[/math]).
 +
|-
 +
!Weight
 +
|The gravitational force acting on an object.
 +
|-
 +
|}
  
−
==What is Density?==
+
===Metric Prefixes===
−
[[File: Density Equation.png|thumb|200px|right|Basic Density Equation.]]
+
{|class="wikitable"
−
'''Density:''' the degree of compactness of a substance.
+
|+Metric Prefixes
−
As shown by the image to the right, is the basic density equation. This equation will be crucial for solving many of the basic density questions in Density Lab.
+
!Prefix
 +
!Symbol
 +
!Multiplier
 +
|-
 +
!giga
 +
|G
 +
|[math]10^9[/math]
 +
|-
 +
!mega
 +
|M
 +
|[math]10^6[/math]
 +
|-
 +
!kilo
 +
|k
 +
|[math]10^3[/math]
 +
|-
 +
!hecto
 +
|h
 +
|[math]10^2[/math]
 +
|-
 +
!deca (also deka)
 +
|da
 +
|[math]10^1[/math]
 +
|-
 +
! ---
 +
| ---
 +
|[math]10^0[/math]
 +
|-
 +
!deci
 +
|d
 +
|[math]10^{-1}[/math]
 +
|-
 +
!centi
 +
|c
 +
|[math]10^{-2}[/math]
 +
|-
 +
!milli
 +
|m
 +
|[math]10^{-3}[/math]
 +
|-
 +
!micro
 +
|[math]\mu[/math]
 +
|[math]10^{-6}[/math]
 +
|-
 +
!nano
 +
|n
 +
|[math]10^{-9}[/math]
 +
|}
  
−
===Gas Laws===
+
==Practice Tests==
−
Gas Laws are needed so that an understanding of gases behavior and how they pressurize. Most tests will require an understanding of gas behavior.  
+
:[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/10NX-30GAdozq2TYyk19itB-8NSAxEyhL?usp=sharing azboy1910's Captains' Summer Exchange Test]
 +
===Additional Links===
 +
:[https://www.soinc.org/sites/default/files/uploaded_files/Density_BC19_091917.pdf 2018 Trial Event rules]
 +
:[https://www.soinc.org/sites/default/files/uploaded_files/Buoy%20Oh%20Buoy%2012.pdf 2012 NYS Trial rules]
 +
:[[Media:Significant Figures (Revised).pptx|Significant Figures Tutorial (PPTX)]]
  
−
[[File:Basic Gas Laws.png|thumb|400px|center|Most basic gas law equations.]]
+
{{2018 National Trials}}
−
===Archimedes' Principle===
 
−
[[File:Archimedes' Principle.png|thumb|200px|right|Example of Archimedes' Principle]]
 
−
Archimedes' Principle will be one of the most important concepts to learn for this event.'''Archimedes' Principle:'''any body completely or partially submerged in a fluid (gas or liquid) at rest is acted upon by an upward, or buoyant, force the magnitude of which is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body. The volume of displaced fluid is equivalent to the volume of an object fully immersed in a fluid or to that fraction of the volume below the surface for an object partially submerged in a liquid. The weight of the displaced portion of the fluid is equivalent to the magnitude of the buoyant force. The buoyant force on a body floating in a liquid or gas is also equivalent in magnitude to the weight of the floating object and is opposite in direction; the object neither rises nor sinks.
 
−
==External Links==
 
−
:[https://www.soinc.org/sites/default/files/uploaded_files/Density_BC19_091917.pdf 2018 national trial event rules]
 
−
:[https://www.soinc.org/sites/default/files/uploaded_files/Buoy%20Oh%20Buoy%2012.pdf 2012 NYS trial event rules]
 
  
 +
{{Physics and Chemistry Event}}
 +
{{2021Events}}
 +
[[Category:Physical Science and Chemistry Events]]
 
[[Category:Event Pages]]
 
[[Category:Event Pages]]
 
[[Category:Lab Event Pages]]
 
[[Category:Lab Event Pages]]
−
[[Category:Trial Event Pages]]
 

Revision as of 16:10, 10 September 2020

Template:EventLinksBox Density Lab, also known by the names Buoyancy Lab and Buoy Oh Buoy, is an event for the 2021 season. It previously was held in the 2019 season, the first season it was an official event, and the 2020 season. It was previously a trial event at the 2018 National Tournament. This events consists of two parts - a written test on density, buoyancy, concentrations, and the behavior of gases, and one or more hands-on tasks relating to those concepts.


Test Description

A Density Lab test consists of two parts, a written test and at least one hands-on task. The written test is 50% to 75% of the total event score, while the hands-on portion contributes the remaining 25% to 50%. The event requires a basic knowledge of chemistry and physics as they pertain to density, concentrations, gas behavior, and buoyancy.

Students must use metric units with correct significant figures, unless instructed otherwise.

Possible Hands-On Tasks

Students may be required to:

  • measure or calculate the mass density of a given solid
  • collect a volume of gas and calculate the volume, mass, and mass density
  • determine the number density of multiple objects, such as the number of brown M&M's in a bag of M&M's
  • determine the mass that a given helium balloon can lift
  • determine the depth to which an object may sink in water
  • determine the density of a material at different temperatures

Most hands-on tasks will require students to make measurements using provided instruments. For this reason, it is recommended that students practice the hands-on tasks using a variety of instrumentation and techniques.

Density

In general, density is a description of the amount of a substance per unit volume or area. There are several common expressions of density, including mass density, number density, and area density. Usually the term density is used to refer to mass density.

Densities are expressed in a variety of different units, depending on what type of density it is and the units used to express the mass, number, area, and volume of the substance. All densities, however, are rates and thus their units follow the general form [Unit of mass or number] per [Unit of volume or area]. For example, the mass density of gold is approximately 19.3 grams per cubic centimeter.

In general, the density of a material is greatest when it is a solid and decreases as it changes phase to a liquid and from a liquid to a gas. This is not always the case, however; water is less dense as a solid than liquid. Likewise, within a single phase, density usually decreases with increasing temperature, a phenomenon known as thermal expansion. Conversely, substances within a single phase usually increase in density with decreasing temperature, known as thermal contraction.

(Mass) Density equation.

Mass Density

Mass density, usually just called density, is the mass of a substance per unit volume. It is usually represented by the lowercase Greek letter rho ([math]\rho[/math]).

The formula for calculating density is shown in the image to the right.

Number Density

Number density is the number of countable objects per unit volume. It is given by the formula [math]\rho_{N} = \frac{N}{V}[/math] where [math]\rho_{N}[/math] is the number density of the objects, [math]N[/math] is the number of the objects, and [math]V[/math] is the volume of space being examined.

Number density can be calculated for any objects, though it is often used for the density of individual atoms or molecules. It is important to specify the object the number density refers to when writing the unit.

Area Density

Area density is the mass of an object per unit of surface area. It is commonly used for expressing density of objects such as paper or fabrics, whose thickness is not easily found using typical measuring instruments.

The formula for area density is [math]\rho_A = \frac{m}{A}[/math] where [math]\rho_{A}[/math] is the area density, [math]m[/math] is the mass of the object, and [math]A[/math] is the surface area over which the density is expressed.

Concentrations

A concentration is an expression of the amount of one substance that is present in a given amount of a mixture of substances. Similar to density, concentrations may be expressed in multiple ways, including mass per unit mass ("mass/mass"), mass per unit volume ("mass/volume"), and volume per unit volume ("volume/volume").

Similar to density, the units used to express concentration will depend on the units of mass or volume used to measure the substance and mixture, but are rates and follow the general form [Unit of mass or volume] per [Unit of mass or volume]. For example, the concentration of salts in seawater is approximately 3.5 grams per liter.

When a concentration is mass/mass or volume/volume and the mass or volume of the substance and mixture are measured in the same units, the concentration may also be expressed as a proportion in percent, parts-per-million, or parts-per-billion notation. For example, if one gram of red dye was added to 100 grams of water, the concentration may be expressed as 0.01 grams (of dye) per gram (of water), or 1%. If expressing a concentration as a proportion, it is necessary to specify whether the proportion refers to a mass/mass or volume/volume concentration by stating "by mass" or "by volume" afterward. In the previous example, this would be done by stating the concentration as "1% by mass".

Gas Laws

Gas laws describe the relationship between key variables of gases. These variables include:

  • Temperature (T) - a measure of the average kinetic energy of gas molecules; usually given in units of kelvin (K)
  • Pressure (P) - a measure of force per unit area resulting from collisions of gas molecules; usually given in units of pascals (Pa), equivalent to one newton per square meter
  • Volume (V) - the amount of space occupied by the gas; usually given in units of cubic meters (m³)
  • Amount of substance (n) - the number of atoms or molecules of the gas; usually given in units of moles (mol), equivalent to 6.022×1023 atoms or molecules
Common gas law equations.

When using gas laws that involve temperature, it is necessary to only use units of absolute temperature. Absolute temperature scales express absolute zero, the lowest theoretically-possible temperature, as zero on the scale. Therefore, doubling the temperature on an absolute scale represents a double in the average kinetic energy of the gas particles. The most common scale of absolute temperature is the Kelvin scale. In contrast, Fahrenheit and Celsius temperatures are not absolute and must be converted to an absolute temperature before being used for calculation.

A summary of the gas laws are shown in the image to the right and the table below.

Summary of Gas Laws
Law Variable quantities Constant quantities
Boyle's Law Pressure (P), Volume (V) Temperature (T), Amount (n)
Charles' Law Volume (V), Temperature (T) Pressure (P), Amount (n)
Gay-Lussac's Law Pressure (P), Temperature (T) Volume (V), Amount (n)
Combined Gas Law Pressure (P), Volume (V), Temperature (T) Amount (n)
Avogadro's Law Volume (V), Amount (n) Pressure (P), Temperature (T)
Ideal Gas Law Pressure (P), Volume (V), Temperature (T), Amount (n) None

Boyle's Law

Boyle's law states that for a constant temperature and amount of gas, the pressure and volume are inversely proportional. Mathematically, this can be stated as the product of the pressure and volume of the gas being a constant: [math]PV=k[/math]

For two combinations of pressure and volume for a fixed amount and temperature of gas, the relationship may also be written [math]P_{1}V_{1}=P_{2}V_{2}[/math]

Charles' Law

Charles' Law states that for a constant amount and pressure of gas, the volume and temperature are directly proportional. Mathematically, this can be stated as the ratio of the volume of the gas to the temperature of the gas being a constant: [math]\frac{V}{T}=k[/math]

For two combinations of volume and temperature for a fixed amount and pressure of gas, the relationship may also be written [math]\frac{V_{1}}{T_{1}}=\frac{V_{2}}{T_{2}}[/math]

Gay-Lussac's Law

Gay-Lussac's Law states that for a constant volume and amount of gas, the pressure and temperature are directly proportional. Mathematically, this can be stated as the ratio of the pressure of the gas to the temperature of the gas being a constant: [math]\frac{P}{T}=k[/math]

For two combinations of pressure and temperature for a fixed amount and volume of gas, the relationship may also be written [math]\frac{P_{1}}{T_{1}}=\frac{P_{2}}{T_{2}}[/math]

Combined Gas Law

Any two of Boyle's, Charles', and Gay-Lussac's laws may be combined to find the combined gas law, which states that for a constant amount of gas, the ratio of the product of pressure and volume to the temperature of the gas is a constant: [math]\frac{PV}{T}=k[/math]

For two combinations of pressure, volume, and temperature for a fixed amount of gas, the relationship may also be written [math]\frac{P_{1}V_{1}}{T_{1}}=\frac{P_{2}V_{2}}{T_{2}}[/math]

Avogadro's Law

Avogadro's law states that for a constant pressure and temperature of gas, the amount of gas is directly proportional to the volume occupied by the gas. This can be stated as the ratio of the volume of the gas to the amount of gas being a constant: [math]\frac{V}{n}=k[/math]

Many physical processes that occur at Earth's surface are assumed to occur at conditions of standard temperature and pressure (STP). These conditions are often stated to be a temperature of 0°C and a pressure of 1 bar. Under these conditions of standard and pressure, 1 mole of gas occupies a volume of approximately 22.71 liters.

Ideal Gas Law

The ideal gas law relates the pressure, volume, amount, and temperature of a gas to one another. It is given by the equation [math]PV=nRT[/math], where [math]R[/math] is a constant known as the ideal gas constant.

The value and units of the ideal gas constant will depend on the units used to express the variables in the ideal gas law. Some common values are given in the table below.

Common Values of Ideal Gas Constant (R)
Value of R Unit of Pressure Unit of Volume Unit of Amount Unit of Temperature Unit for R
8.314 Pascal (Pa) Cubic meter (m3) Mole (mol) Kelvin (K) [math]\frac{Pa*m^{3}}{mol*K}[/math]
8314 Pascal (Pa) Liter (L) Mole (mol) Kelvin (K) [math]\frac{Pa*L}{mol*K}[/math]
8.314×10-5 Bar (bar) Cubic meter (m3) Mole (mol) Kelvin (K) [math]\frac{bar*m^{3}}{mol*K}[/math]
0.08314 Bar (bar) Liter (L) Mole (mol) Kelvin (K) [math]\frac{bar*L}{mol*K}[/math]
0.08206 Atmosphere (atm) Liter (L) Mole (mol) Kelvin (K) [math]\frac{atm*L}{mol*K}[/math]

Archimedes' Principle

Example of Archimedes' Principle

Archimedes' Principle states that any body completely or partially submerged in a fluid (gas or liquid) is acted upon by an upward, or buoyant, force. The magnitude of this force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body.

If the object is completely submerged, the volume of displaced fluid is equivalent to the volume of the object. If the object is floating and is only partially submerged, the volume of displaced fluid is equal to the fraction of the object's volume below the surface of the fluid. The weight of the displaced fluid is equivalent to the magnitude of the buoyant force and may be calculated using the formula [math]F_g=ma[/math] where [math]F_g[/math] represents the gravitational force or weight acting on the volume of displaced fluid, [math]m[/math] is the mass of the displaced fluid, and [math]a[/math] is the acceleration due to gravity, which is essentially constant at 9.8 m/s2 near Earth's surface.

In the case that an object is floating and does not rise or sink, the buoyant force on the object is equivalent in magnitude to the weight of the floating object and is opposite in direction. If the object is rising, the buoyant force must be greater than the magnitude of the of the weight of the floating object. If the object sinks, the buoyant force has a lesser magnitude than the weight of the floating object; however, the buoyant force will reduce the sensible weight of the object, as shown in the diagram to the right.

Reference

Glossary

Term Definition
Archimedes' principle A statement that any body submerged in a fluid is subject to an upward buoyant force that has a magnitude equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body.
Area density The amount of mass per unit surface area. It is usually represented by the Greek letter rho with a subscript A ([math]\rho_{A}[/math]).
Avogadro's law A gas law which states that for a constant temperature and pressure of a gas, the volume occupied by the gas is directly proportional to the amount of gas.
Boyle's law A gas law which states that for a constant temperature and amount of gas, pressure and volume are inversely proportional to each other.
Charles' law A gas law which states that for a constant pressure and amount of gas, temperature and volume are directly proportional to each other.
Combined gas law A gas law resulting from a combination of any two of Boyle's, Charles', or Gay-Lussac's laws. States that for a constant amount of gas the ratio of the product of the pressure and volume to the temperature is a constant.
Concentration An expression of the amount of one substance that is present in a given amount of a mixture of substances.
Density The amount of a substance per unit volume or area. See also mass density.
Gay-Lussac's law A gas law which states that for a constant volume and amount of gas, pressure and temperature are directly proportional to each other.
Ideal gas law A gas law relating the pressure, volume, amount, and temperature of a gas to one another.
Mass density The mass of a substance per unit volume. It is usually represented by the Greek letter rho ([math]\rho[/math]). May also be referred to simply as density.
Mixture A collection of two or more distinct substances.
Mole A unit for expressing an amount of substance, equal to 6.022×1023 atoms or molecules.
Number density The number of countable objects per unit volume. It is usually represented by the Greek letter rho with a subscript N ([math]\rho_{N}[/math]).
Weight The gravitational force acting on an object.

Metric Prefixes

Metric Prefixes
Prefix Symbol Multiplier
giga G [math]10^9[/math]
mega M [math]10^6[/math]
kilo k [math]10^3[/math]
hecto h [math]10^2[/math]
deca (also deka) da [math]10^1[/math]
--- --- [math]10^0[/math]
deci d [math]10^{-1}[/math]
centi c [math]10^{-2}[/math]
milli m [math]10^{-3}[/math]
micro [math]\mu[/math] [math]10^{-6}[/math]
nano n [math]10^{-9}[/math]

Practice Tests

azboy1910's Captains' Summer Exchange Test

Additional Links

2018 Trial Event rules
2012 NYS Trial rules
Significant Figures Tutorial (PPTX)
2018 National Tournament Trial Events
Division B: Density Lab · Solar Power | Division C: Code Busters · WiFi Lab


Retrieved from "https://scioly.org/wiki/index.php?title=Density_Lab&oldid=111769"