Scrambler
Template:EventLinksBox Scrambler is a Division B event for the 2017 season. It was previously held as a Division B event in the 2016 season, and as a Division C event in the 2015 and 2014 seasons. The event involves building a device that transports an egg a certain distance to be as close to a final barrier as possible, without hitting the barrier.
Event Overview
The event involves designing and building a device that transports an Egg Transport Vehicle (ETV), with a Large Grade A uncooked chicken egg mounted to its front, a distance of 9 to 12 meters along a straight track as fast as possible. The device should stop as close to the center of a terminal barrier, going as straight as possible and not hit the wall, without leaving a 2 meter wide lane. The distance will be in 1 meter divisions at the regional level (9, 10, 11, 12), quarter meter divisions at the state level (9, 9.25, 9.5, 9.75, 10, etc.), and 10 cm divisions at the national level (9, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, etc.). The falling mass used has a weight limit of 2 kg (2000 grams). Always go a bit low the limit since scales are different everywhere. In 2017, a bucket was added in the center of the track that teams had to navigate around.
Scoring
Scoring is calculated by the following formula:
Run Score = Run Time (in seconds to the precision of the timing device used) + Distance Score (to the nearest 10th of a centimeter) + Penalties
The Run Time is defined as the time the car takes to travel from the 0.5 meter line to the 8.5 meter line, or from the 0.5 meter line to when it stops.
The Distance Score is measured from the tip of the egg to the center of the Terminal Barrier. In 2009, 2014 and 2015, the Distance Score was measured diagonally from center of the wall to point of egg to the nearest millimeter, while in previous years it had been measured perpendicularly to the wall.
The Bonus Score is -100 and is earned if the competitors can successfully pass their ETV around the left side of a #3 can (placed halfway along the track to the terminal barrier, offset .5 meters left of the center of the track) while remaining within the track the entire run. (NOT applicable for 2016 & 2017 seasons!)
Penalties can be incurred through construction or competition violations or failing to impound the scrambler.
The Final Score is equal to the better of the two run scores. The lowest Final Score wins. Ties are broken as follows:
- Better non-scored Run Score
- Faster Run Time on the scored run.
Important Competition Rules
- In the ready-to-launch configuration, the Scrambler, including the egg, must not exceed 90cm in height, depth or width.
- The backstop for the egg is critical for the 2015 rules; its dimensions is explained in the rules, and a picture of an example backstop can be found here: [1].
- The front 1 cm and rear 1 cm of the egg must be visible.
- No electronics are allowed whatsoever (with the exception of any type of calculator).
- The ETV cannot exit the 2-meter wide lane at any time during the run.
- The scrambler must be impounded prior to competition.
- If you have something revolutionary try to keep it to yourself. If the competition gets hold of it, you are sunk.
- Under the 2015 rules, ramps are ILLEGAL, as all of the ETV's wheels must be in contact with the floor at all times.
General Event Suggestions
Firstly and arguably most importantly, competitors should read the rules before starting to build. There is nothing more embarrassing to a team than to be disqualified, or moved down a scoring tier, simply because they did not read the rules. Memorize the rules, have the persons who are building it be able to recite the rules verbatim, hold quizzes if necessary. Always check for clarifications on the National Science Olympiad website. When in doubt, submit a clarification request or have your coach contact the event supervisor. There is never a need to stay in the dark when it comes to the rules.
As with any building event, it is always beneficial to plan out a design before building it. Not only will it allow for a more efficient use of raw material purchases, but it may save you some embarrassing rule violations. Again, make sure to check a design against the rules.
Also, this event is characterized by testing. Even the best, most perfect scrambler will fail if it was not tested sufficiently. How does one know when it is tested sufficiently, you ask? Well, if you need to ask, then it is not. You should go and test more. Make sure both people who are doing the event are present during practices; humans are imperfect machines and sometimes get sick during the competitions. Keeping logs is very helpful also, it will allow one to accurately determine what effect adjustments have on a scrambler's performance.
Lastly, this event is well-simulated by the laws of physics. This is a rarity in building events, and definitely should be taken advantage of for Division C. Talk to a physics teacher, search the Internet for the appropriate physics concepts, find equations and use them. This article will attempt to introduce some of these concepts, but additional work definitely helps.
General Construction Suggestions
When one looks at the scramblers in a competition, it becomes apparent that some are better built than others. At the competition, the better-built scramblers tend to do better than the ones that are built poorly. The material in use should be straight and sturdy; many teams fail when their cars are bent out of shape by the forces of acceleration (this especially applies to malleable materials like metal and plastic). While it often makes sense to create designs that are collapsible for easy transport, many teams that use such designs are plagued by loose tolerances that were imposed on them, often failing to have their scrambler stay in the 1.5-meter lane. If you use wood, always use screws and glue. Nails are much harder to remove and manipulate. When using metal construction kits, make sure everything fits.
Any construction style must always be balanced between adjustability and stability. For instance, while covering every joint with glue may increase durability, it will make a car very rigid and unchangeable. Adjustability is very important, as few teams perfect their designs on the first try, and one should always consider that when choosing a bonding method. In theory, it is always possible to add an extra pair of screws, or even add a nut and bolt fastener and achieve the same stability as a dab of glue. When in doubt, and where weight does not matter, choose fasteners instead of glue.
Tip: Wood is preferable over breakable materials such as K-nex!
Course Deviation
Having a scrambler that runs straight and true is very important, within limits. A 10cm deviation from center over a 10m course is caused by being just 0.57 degrees off course. Half a degree accuracy is more than can be reasonably expected at competition. Course deviations can cause problems with breaking accuracy by changing the distance between the launcher and the wall. Luckily, at 10m, a deviation of 14.1cm results in a change of only 1mm in the distance. Teams should strive to aim as straight as possible because the rules are that distance is measured from center of the terminal barrier. To do this, many teams utilize protractors aligned at the start line.
Common Components
This section contains some physics concepts in areas. The physics is intended to help in the design of the device, especially for Division C competitors, and is not a required part of the event.
While varied, most devices used for this event share some general parts.
Wheels
The wheel is one of the most critical components of the ETV. There are several properties of the wheel that are important to consider for the purposes that it is used in this event.
Material Considerations
Given the limited budgets of most teams, physics has to be eclipsed by the availability of the materials. Most teams use some pre-made disks for their wheels, for example, CD/LP based wheels. Some use roller blade wheels. Better funded teams may wield custom made acrylic wheels, or even those cut from sheets of balsa.
Reducing weight
Lighter wheels are generally better (see physics explanation below). Therefore, given good drilling equipment, it is advisable to drill a series of holes in the wheel to make it lighter. Take care to do it in a symmetrical fashion, and not to weaken the wheel too much. By the physics, the greatest effect shall be seen from reducing the weight of the rims of the wheel. Look at the professional wheels for guidance. For example, high-speed bicycles often have very efficient designs for their wheels.
Most designs drill up to four holes on each wheel, all of the same sizes. Drilling holes work well with materials like Plexiglas, milled aluminum, steel, etc. However, it does not work with materials like CD and fibrous alloys because it ruins the structural integrity of the wheel.
Friction in the wheel
To reduce the axle friction, teams use ball bearings. These gadgets, while sometimes expensive and tough to find, will often nullify any problems associated with small wheels. Keep these free from dust and well lubricated with grease or other lubricants.
To increase traction, many teams use rubber bands around their wheel rims. Latex gloves as a faster and easier alternative to rubber. The rules prohibit any lasting glues from being used for traction purposes.
In general, it is good to make sure that the wheels are straight, the axles are straight, and the bearings are mounted square to the ETV's chassis. This helps the ETV move in a straight line.
Physics Theory of the wheel
Below is the theory of physics of the wheel, which may help in the design of the device.
The wheel's mass, specifically its rotational inertia, is one of the most important for an ETV: the rotational energy of the wheel does not accelerate the ETV forward. Let [math]\omega, v, r, m, I[/math] denote the angular velocity, translational velocity, radius, mass and moment of inertia of the wheel, respectively. Since [math]\omega = \frac{v}{r}[/math] and [math]I=mr^2[/math] if we approximate wheels as hollow cylinders,
Therefore, given a constant starting energy, an increase in mass will cause the ETV to have less translational kinetic energy. Since [math]m\propto r[/math], smaller wheels make the ETV go faster. Wheels that are solid disks have a moment of inertia of [math]I=\frac12mr^2[/math], but have much more mass and are therefore ineffective.
Larger wheels have benefits, too. Smaller wheels allow for your ETV to move faster, but they are more susceptible to axle friction because the wheel-to-axle ratio is lower. ETV with small wheels may fail to reach the target distance just because of friction. Ways to reduce this friction will be discussed shortly. ETV with large wheels move slower, but at roughly constant speeds. The wheel radius is also important to one of the integrated mass ETV discussed later.
The second important aspect of a wheel in an ETV is its traction. Traction, also known as static friction, is important for the ETV's stability, and when the wheels are used as brakes, for its braking. The friction between the wheel and the ground is static friction unless the wheel is skidding. Since the weight of the ETV is supported by the wheels, the traction is at most
where [math]f[/math] is the force of friction, [math]m[/math] is the mass that the wheel supports, [math]\mu_s[/math] is the coefficient of static friction and [math]a[/math] is the acceleration of the ETV. Beyond the maximum acceleration, the ETV will start skidding.
Therefore, the wheel should have a higher coefficient of friction to increase its maximum possible acceleration before skidding.
Brakes
If the ETV hits the wall at faster than about 1 m/s, the egg is very likely to break. Therefore, once the ETV can travel the required distance, a brake should be used to stop the ETV before it reaches the wall.
Here are three commonly used braking systems, listed in order of difficulty of construction. Wheels with high coefficients of static friction make the brake system more effective because it prevents skidding.
String Type
Pros
- Easy to build
Cons
- Poor Accuracy
- Backlash
- Skid
The first braking design is made by running a string from one axle to another. As the ETV travels, the string from one axle unwinds and wraps around the second axle. Once all of the string has fed through from one axle to the another the axles lock and the ETV stops. The distance the ETV travels can be controlled by the amount of string wrapped around each axle.
This design tends to have poor accuracy for several reasons. First, the string used will often stretch in an irregular way. Second, the string will not always wrap in exactly the same manner, meaning there is a slight variation in the amount of travel allowed before stopping the ETV. Third, while the taut string will prevent the ETV from moving forwards, nothing prevents the ETV from moving backward. So, you will get some amount of backlash.
This system relies on the braking power of the rims of the wheels, which may lead to skidding, as this design does not allow for gradual locking of the wheels. That being said, this is the easiest system to implement. So, if a quick solution is needed, this is certainly an option.
Threaded Rod Type
Pros
- High accuracy
- Consistency
- No Backlash
Cons
- Somewhat complicated to build
- Skid
- Added friction to the axles
This system is very common. While only slightly more complicated than the string method, it is more consistent.
Use a threaded rod for the axle, and place a nut (usually a wing nut is used) on the axle. As the wheels rotate the rotating motion is transferred into horizontal motion of a wing nut moving it along the axle. When the wing nut reaches a barrier, it will no longer be able to move and thus stops the axle from turning. The distance is set by setting how far the wing nut starts from the barrier and is usually measured in rotations of the wheels.
While as described the system is still vulnerable to skid, it can be minimized by carefully choosing a material for the barrier that the wing nut engages during the stopping motion. By choosing something rubbery many teams achieved a gradual locking of the wheels, which effectively eliminated any skid inherent to the system. The wing nut also adds some friction to the axle, thus the ETV may not roll as smoothly or as far.
Brake Pad Type
Brake pads are not allowed in 2017, because the only parts that are allowed to contact the floor are those that are already in contact before the run.
Brake Pad Type (Illegal for Current Rules)
Pros
Cons
This braking system introduces a braking surface, or pad, that is used to stop the ETV. Unlike the other two designs, there is no standard method of constructing this design. The system is similar to the threaded rod design. It uses the wing nut to trigger the lowering of the breaking pad instead of relying on the wing nut to jam the wheels and slow the ETV to a halt. The implementation of the system varies. Some have the wing nut to pull out a restraining pin directly. Others have it be pushed aside through a system of levers. By adding a surface that has a greater coefficient of friction than the wheel rims, the stopping performance can be improved. The brake pad can be located anywhere on the ETV to maximize braking efficiency. Many designs can stop almost instantly without any skid. If the system cannot be built, it can be reduced to the simpler threaded rod design. |
Physics Theory of the brake
We expand the theory of friction in wheels described in the wheels section. There are four main questions that must be considered during the design of a braking system of an ETV: how long to make the car, where to put the center of mass, which wheels (front versus back) work better for braking and how to avoid skidding. To answer these questions, we shall consider a simple model of a braking eTV.
In the picture, [math]N_1, N_2[/math] are the normal forces exerted by the floor on the back and front wheels, respectively. [math]F_1, F_2[/math] are the resulting forces of friction. [math]b, B[/math] are the horizontal distance from the back axle to the center of mass of the ETV and the front axle, respectively. [math]h[/math] is the height of the center of mass, [math]m[/math] is the mass of the ETV. Since the ETV is at equilibrium,
Let [math]\mu_1=\frac{F_1}{N_1}, \mu_2=\frac{F_2}{N_2}[/math]. Because all parts of the ETV must stay in contact and the ETV is not skidding, [math]N_1, N_2\ge 0[/math] and [math]\mu_1, \mu_2\le \mu_s[/math]. Furthermore, [math]0\le b\le B[/math], or ETV will flip over.
Solving for [math]N_1, N_2[/math], [math]\begin{cases}N_1 = mg \frac {B - b - h \mu_2} {B + h\left(\mu_1 - \mu_2\right)} \\ N_2 = mg \frac {h \mu_1 + b} {B + h\left(\mu_1 - \mu_2\right)}\end{cases}[/math]
We now determine which axle is better for braking, if only one is used.
If the front axle is used, [math]F_1=0,\ N_2 = mg \frac {b} {B - h \mu_2},\ F_2=N_2\mu_2[/math]. Furthermore, [math]N_2=mg-N_1\le mg, F_2\le mg\mu_s[/math]. This is achieved when [math]\mu_2=\mu_s[/math] and [math]b = B - h \mu_s[/math], which is possible if the ETV is long and short. Therefore, [math]F_{2,max}=mg\mu_s[/math]. Notice that if [math]b>B-h\mu_s[/math], the ETV would flip over.
If the back axle is used, [math]F_2=0,\ N_1 = mg \frac {B - b} {B + h \mu_1},\ F_1=N_1\mu_1[/math]. Therefore, [math]N_{1,max} = mg \frac {B} {B + h \mu_1}, F_{1,max}=mg\mu_s\frac{B}{B+h\mu_s}[/math], which occurs when [math]b=0[/math].
Since [math]\frac{B}{B+h\mu_s}<1, F_{1,max}<F_{2,max}[/math]. Therefore, given a choice of using exclusively the front or the back axle, the front axle provides greater maximal friction. However, a front-axle braking system may cause the ETV to flip over, while the back-axle braking system avoids that risk.
If both the back and front axles are used for braking, for example if [math]\mu_1=\mu_2[/math], then the total normal force is [math]mg[/math] and the maximal friction is [math]mg\mu_s[/math]. Notice that [math]F=F_{1,max}[/math], and the center of mass does not have to be in the front. Therefore, a design using both axles can be very beneficial.
To summarize, the best braking system involves the use of both axles. The next best choice is the front axle only braking system, which requires an ETV to be long and low. The least favorable choice is a back axle only system, but it is stable, like the one using both axles, and may be easier to design. The actual length of the ETV is not important in the stability of the system: the distance from axle to axle is.
It should be noted that having high coefficients of friction (while staying in the rule constraints) on the tire makes all the systems perform much better, and also prevents the ETV from skidding.
Mass Release Mechanism
While optional, the mass release mechanism improves the consistency of the scramblers. Its use negates the necessity of steady hands of the person who is handling the mass and allows for near constant launch speeds. This generally improves the performance of brakes that are strongly dependent on the speed of the ETV, such as the wing-nut braking mechanism. A common design for such a device is a pin system, where the mass is suspended on a pin that can be pulled out to produce a consistent release of the mass.
Rollers
Rollers, also commonly (although dubiously) referred to as pulleys, redirect motion from the string in many designs. Rollers without bearings can cause significant friction, while rollers with bearings have very low friction - buy ones with bearings. Lubricated bearings will decrease the friction even further if the rotation is fast enough. To test if a roller has bearings, take a string and try using the roller to redirect the string while pulling on it. If when varying the tension the resistance also varies, then there is no bearing in that roller.
Bearings
As discussed above, bearings are constant (low) friction devices. They are indispensable in rollers, and often are very helpful to hold axles of wheels (especially for the small wheels). The best bearing for this event would be a radial bearing, with caged balls. It is also preferable to have it be free of the side shields: it is easy for teams to keep them dust free, and by lubricating them regularly the low friction can be maintained very easily.
Energy Propulsion Systems
There are two types of scramblers, based on whether the ETV stays in contact with the mass. In an integrated mass scrambler, the ETV always stay in contact with the mass. The mass may be used to accelerate the car throughout the run, or it is not discarded just to simplify the design. In a launcher system, the ETV is separate from the launcher.
Integrated Mass
These types of vehicles have come into question as to being legal under the 2014 rules.
In an integrated mass scrambler, the mass moves with the ETV: the Energy Propulsion System is likely combined with the scrambler. Because the mass travels with the ETV, the ETV cannot move quickly.
Since all kinetic energy of the ETV comes from the potential energy of the mass,
Furthermore, [math]\frac{m_{mass}}{m_{ETV}}<1[/math] and [math]h\le 1m[/math]. solving for [math]v[/math], we find
Although [math]4.43m/s[/math] is fairly fast, the actual speed is much lower because the mass cannot fall for 1 m total, the ETV has mass, and there is energy loss due to friction in the process.
Tower Scrambler
Pros
- Reasonably easy to build
- Good theoretical performance
- Can be almost free to build - see Zero Cost Scrambler
Cons
- Theoretical performance impossible to achieve, so much so that often the required distance cannot be covered
- Manufacture of the variable radius axles can be challenging
- Severe dependence on mass used
The tower launcher consists of an ETV that is propelled by a falling mass that uses a pulley system or otherwise to directly convert the motion of the weight into the motion of the ETV. The energy transfer from potential to kinetic if often efficient. However, the support structure for the mass and the pulley system often increase the masses of the scramblers above 5 kilograms. Therefore, these scramblers are very slow and may not cover the entire distance.
In the 2017 rules, the mass is not allowed to touch the ground. Therefore, a form of nest to stop the mass without damaging the ETV is necessary.
The propulsion system is a compound machine consisting of pulley and and a wheel and axle, where the wheels push on the ground with force [math]F=\frac{mgr_1}{r_2},[/math] where [math]r_1[/math] is the radius of the axle and [math]r_2[/math] is the radius of the wheel. Therefore, the maximum static friction between the wheel and the ground can be achieved by adjusting the radii of the wheel and the axle connecting the wheel. However, a smooth acceleration is often desirable for the design: if [math]F[/math] is very high, the strings may start acting as springs because of the tension. Testing with different radii would be necessary to find the desirable wheel and axle radii.
To improve performance, use variable radius axles. The radius of the axle is larger during launch to accelerate the ETV quickly. Then, the radius of the axle decreases so the mass hits the ground more slowly.
Ramp Scrambler
Ram Scramblers are not allowed in 2017: all ETV wheels must be in contact with the floor at all times.
Ramp Scrambler (Illegal under current rules)
Pros
Cons
(Note that the entire ETV is counted as the mass during impoundment) This integrated mass scrambler consists of an ETV with a mass attached to it that rolls down a ramp and continues onto towards the wall. This scrambler is very accurately approximated by the equation (10). This scrambler is arguably the easiest one to build, although it always runs into the trouble when putting the front of the egg on the start of the line. This can is often avoided by using very long ETVs. It is well known from the derivations by Newton et al that the ramp shape that allows for a mass to descend in the shortest time, a brachistochrone, is a 4 pointed astroid. This curve is difficult to get perfect, and through some calculations, it can be seen that pretty much any curve that approximately looks like a quarter circle will do just as well. Note that from physics it is known that the ETV will do best if its mass is concentrated in the back (thus starting higher on the ramp). This presents many problems for braking, as discussed in the braking section above, as this is exactly the opposite of what is desired for a front braking ETV. However, there are teams that do well with this design, and it represents a valid choice. Note that this scrambler is often classified as a launcher type, citing the fact that the ramp acts as a launcher, and that this type was not allowed by the rules from years that did not allow for multipart launchers. However, this scrambler obeys the equation (10) which takes precedence. Here are some numbers that can be calculated from simple physics. These calculations assume a perfect design and no friction. Distance is set at 10 meters. The mass of the ETV is set at the mass of the weight. They also assume that all of the mass of all three vehicles is centered at the same single point in space, actually, the more massive vehicles are likely to have a higher center of mass so they would actually exit the launcher at a higher speed.
A note about these and future numbers: The ETV is assumed to weigh 150 grams (unless stated otherwise). The brake is assumed to be instantaneous. The distance is assumed to be 10 meters. Note that these values will never be achieved since they assume no friction and mildly unrealistic design choices, but the patterns can still be observed and the inter-type comparison can still be made. The idle time represents the time needed for the device to prepare itself, be it cocking of the spring in the spring launcher, or the falling of the hammer in the hammer launcher. The acceleration time column represents the time the device spends accelerating the ETV; this is different from the idle time because the ETV is actually moving during this point. The exit speed represents the speed at which the ETV is moving after it leaves the launcher. The travel time is the time the ETV takes to travel the distance from the launcher to the wall (this may or may not equal to the assumed distance of 10 meters since some launchers push the ETV forward of the starting line as part of their acceleration routine). The three rows signify the masses of the weight that is used to power the device. |
Launcher
The launcher is the energy propulsion system of the scrambler and does not travel with the ETV. When using a launcher, the mass of the ETV is lower. Therefore, the ETV can travel at a much higher speed.
Spring Launcher
Pros
- Nearly maximum theoretical efficiency possible in a scrambler
- Reasonably easy to achieve the theoretical performance
- Low dependence on mass used
Cons
- The locking mechanisms are often difficult to build
- Complexity of the device requires careful construction
- Rapid speed of the ETV makes it difficult to stop
Spring launcher is one of the rarest launcher scrambler types because of it is difficult to build. However, it achieves the highest speeds for ETVs, at all distances and most masses. It is also very similar to a pulley launcher. Therefore, if the setup cannot be built, it can be "downgraded" to a functioning pulley launcher.
The mass first stores its potential energy in some sort of elastic medium, which then is released to accelerate the ETV. There is little loss in energy transfer, as the mass hits the ground with little leftover kinetic energy, and there is little friction.
The setup is difficult to build in practice because of the locking mechanism. Masses may be attached to arms with slits in them that allow for a looped string to slip and release the spring once a particular angle is attained by the arm. A system of coupled locks, shown in the diagram above, may be used mediate the energy transfer.
There is a notable time during energy transfer from the mass to the spring. This extra time is compensated the speed obtained. Spring launchers, therefore, perform better at longer track lengths. Because the ETV is launched at such a great speed, that most brakes used for other, slower, launchers are inadequate for this design. Due to the rarity of this design, there is no general solution to this problem yet, but an effective solution is possible in theory.
The following are some numbers derived from physics. Note that this launcher pushes the ETV forward 1 meter before it is set free. Assuming Vehicle Mass of 100 grams. Total Time is from .5m to 8.5m.
| Mass | Exit Speed | Total Time |
|---|---|---|
| 0.5 kg | 9.90 m/s | 0.81 sec |
| 1.0 kg | 14.00 m/s | 0.57 sec |
| 2.0 kg | 19.80 m/s | 0.41 sec |
Look at Jdogg's post for more information on this chart above.
Hammer Launcher
Pros
- High theoretical efficiency
- Very easy to build
Cons
- High dependence on mass used.
- Theoretical efficiency is difficult to achieve, due to the non-elastic collisions
- The rapid acceleration is stressful on the ETV
- There is a chance that the yolk of the egg is ejected from the shell because of the rapid acceleration
Hammer launcher is one of the easiest launchers you can build. It consists of a pendulum hammer falling and smashing an ETV from the behind.
If the collision is perfectly elastic, [math]v_{ETV} = v_{mass}\frac {2m_{mass}} {m_{mass}+ m_{ETV}}[/math]
Hence, the larger difference between the two masses, the faster the ETV moves: when the mass of the ETV is nonexistent, the ETV moves at double the speed of the mass. Since the mass drops at a maximal final speed of 4.34m/s, the maximum possible speed achievable by an ETV launched by this launcher is 8.84m/s.
It is hard to be near the maximum speed because the collision involved is not perfectly elastic. By varying the materials at the contact position the elasticity of collisions can be enhanced. To keep the ETV moving straight, use longer ETVs and have the hammer hit a specific patch in the middle of the ETV.
The mass of the entire arm must be weighed during the impounding since most designs have the arm lose its potential energy as a whole. To achieve optimum efficiency, most of the mass of the arm must be concentrated at its distal end, thus the hammer/mallet shape of the mass.
Here are some theoretical data:
| Mass | Idle Time | Acceleration Time | Exit Speed | Travel Time | Total Time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.5 kg | 0.59 sec | 0.00 sec | 6.81 m/s | 1.46 sec | 2.06 sec |
| 1.0 kg | 0.59 sec | 0.00 sec | 7.70 m/s | 1.29 sec | 1.89 sec |
| 2.0 kg | 0.59 sec | 0.00 sec | 8.24 m/s | 1.21 sec | 1.81 sec |
Pulley Launcher
Pros
- Good theoretical efficiency.
- Easy to achieve theoretical efficiency.
- Simple construction.
Cons
- Some dependence on mass used.
The pulley launcher is one the most common launcher design. It consists of a mass pulling a string that is redirected through a system of pulleys to pull the ETV. This design is efficient and easy to build.
By physics, [math]m_{mass} g = (m_{mass}+ m_{ETV}) a[/math].
By making the mass of the ETV small, an asymptotic acceleration of g is possible. The maximum speed is 4.43m/s.
The fact that this launcher involves no true energy transfers, any deviation from the theoretical performance is explained away by friction in the rollers and wheels. Since those can be easily fixed, these scramblers are often the faster half of launchers in any given competition.
Here are some theoretical data from physics. This launcher pushes the ETV about .7 meter before release.
| Mass | Idle Time | Acceleration Time | Exit Speed | Travel Time | Total Time* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.5 kg | 0.00 sec | 0.51 sec | 3.88 m/s | 2.32 sec | 2.83 sec |
| 1.0 kg | 0.00 sec | 0.48 sec | 4.13 m/s | 2.18 sec | 2.66 sec |
| 2.0 kg | 0.00 sec | 0.47 sec | 4.27 m/s | 2.11 sec | 2.57 sec |
Push Rod Launcher
Push pod launchers are not allowed in 2017, because the only parts that are allowed to contact the floor are those that are already in contact before the run.
Push Rod Launcher (Illegal under current rules)
Cons
A common design for a launcher, this launcher is seen in large numbers in some competitions. There is no reason for this popularity however, this launcher cannot be better than a pulley launcher, and as shall be shown it is worse. The launcher consists of a hammer arm akin to the one from a hammer launcher connected by a rod to the ETV. Thus as the hammer swings down, the ETV is pushed forward by the rod. The physics of this system are highly complicated, and cannot be simulated by high school physics, thus any theoretical analysis will have to be gleaned from the theoretical data at the end of this section. Practically speaking, the difficulty in attaining the theoretical efficiency of this launcher lies in the fact that both the arm and the rod are not massless, and by diluting the concentration of the mass at the distal end of the arm, they quickly reduce the efficiency of this launcher. As always, the entire mass of the arm and rod assembly must be weighed during the impoundment. Here are some theoretical data for this launcher. Due to the rod length, the ETV is pushed a full 1.4 meters forward before being released.*
The 2015 rules prohibit any part of the Scrambler (energy providing device and ETV) cannot touch the floor at any point after the launch. Violating this rule will result in a construction violation, which is a penalty of 3000 points. As shown by the above animations, there is a chance that the rod will contact the ground after the vehicle is moving of its own accord. Teams should take this rule change into consideration if this is the final design chosen (i.e. have the push rod attached to the vehicle so when the ETV is launched, the rod comes off the mass and with the ETV, not touching the floor). |
Competition Tips
Competition Check List
Be sure to bring the following items to competition with you.
- The scrambler car, and all accompanying parts
- Extra mass
- Tools
- Spare parts
- Glue and tape
- A metric tape measurer
Upon arrival to competition, be sure to make a few pre-runs to verify that everything works (do NOT run your scrambler on or near the official track, as it is not only illegal to run it on the track before an official run, but also the ES might not be happy with you running it near the competition area. Find an empty hall with similar flooring and run there.). Also, it is helpful to judge the quality of the surface at the competition location, and use that information during the setting of the brakes.
Common Mistakes and Rule Violations
Most of the teams at the regional and state level get disqualified for out of spec designs. But by reading these guidelines and memorizing the rules, teams can avoid succumbing to the same fate.
- If a scrambler cannot make half the announced distance, the run is counted with a competition violation (1000-point penalty).
- If teams use a mass from a balance set and add a hook to it, it is best for them to check that it is still within rule limitations, as the hook will add mass.
- All scramblers are not allowed to have any stored energy that will add to the propulsion of the device. For example, mousetrap cars are not allowed. The rules, however, allow for stored energy to be used in a braking system.
- When setting up to launch, teams will need to do 4 things in some order: attach the egg to the car, position the car in the launcher, attach the mass, and adjust the braking mechanism for the proper distance. It is highly advised to think ahead of time about what order to do these things in. For example, if a team were to wind the wheels and they were allowed to rotate as the car is rolled into the launcher, the car will end up either long or short.
- Some teams drop the egg and crack it while trying to attach it to the car. This counts as a crack and knocks the team out of the running!
- Work on attaching the egg at ground level, not waist level. Consider bringing a foam pad to sit under the car/egg while you're attaching the egg.
- When setting up, make sure the tape is over the middle of the egg. This is something that many teams neglect to consider. Some stricter event supervisors may even penalize the teams.
- Finally, teams must only trigger their car when the event supervisor has indicated that they may do so. After the run, wait until the event supervisor signals that the car can be retrieved. Chasing the car before being signaled will result in a competition violation.
Shipping and Transportation
Be sure to provide a sturdy crate for your scrambler car if your team has to travel to competitions. A half inch plywood box should be sufficient. Be sure to provide necessary padding so that the scrambler does not get damaged. Also, just in case something does get damaged, make sure to bring enough extra supplies (and tools) to be able to fix most conceivable breakages. This is also useful to prevent other teams from copying your design.
Past Results
2017 National Results
Announced Distance: 10.7 meters
| Place | Distance | Time | Total Score |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | 1.5 cm | 3.840 s | 5.340 |
| 2nd | 2.4 cm | 4.468 s | 6.868 |
| 3rd | 2.8 cm | 5.487 s | 8.287 |
| 4th | 5.6 cm | 3.420 s | 9.020 |
| 5th | 4.8 cm | 4.341 s | 9.141 |
| 6th | 6.2 cm | 3.185 s | 9.385 |
| 7th | 7.1 cm | 4.572 s | 11.672 |
| 8th | 8.2 cm | 3.860 s | 12.060 |
| 9th | 8.8 cm | 3.330 s | 12.130 |
| 10th | 9.0 cm | 3.571 s | 12.751 |
2016 National Results
Announced Distance: 10.8 meters
| Place | Distance | Time | Total Score |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | 9.0 cm | 1.860 s | 27.60 |
| 2nd | 5.6 cm | 2.299 s | 28.59 |
| 3rd | 6.4 cm | 2.367 s | 30.07 |
| 4th | 3.4 cm | 2.748 s | 30.88 |
| 5th | 10.3 cm | 2.429 s | 34.59 |
| 6th | 9.0 cm | 2.783 s | 36.83 |
| 7th | 4.1 cm | 3.362 s | 37.72 |
| 8th | 6.9 cm | 3.117 s | 38.07 |
| 9th | 13.0 cm | 2.540 s | 38.40 |
| 10th | 18.5 cm | 2.149 s | 39.99 |
2015 National Results
Announced Distance: 9.8 meters
| Place | Distance | Time | Total Score |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | 5.5 cm | 1.75 s | 5077.00 |
| 2nd | 3.3 cm | 2.56 s | 5071.00 |
| 3rd | 6.7 cm | 2.48 s | 5068.50 |
| 4th | 16.1 cm | 1.56 s | 5068.30 |
| 5th | 6.6 cm | 2.66 s | 5066.80 |
| 6th | 18.4 cm | 1.65 s | 5065.10 |
| 7th | 10.0 cm | 2.56 s | 5064.40 |
| 8th | 8.0 cm | 2.83 s | 5063.70 |
| 9th | 5.4 cm | 3.22 s | 5062.40 |
| 10th | 6.5 cm | 3.73 s | 5056.20 |
2014 National Results
Announced Distance: 9.9 meters
| Place | Distance | Time | Total Score |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | 0.0 cm | 2.3801 s | 11.901 |
| 2nd | 4.3 cm | 2.1524 s | 15.062 |
| 3rd | 4.4 cm | 2.1554 s | 15.177 |
| 4th | 6.6 cm | 2.6591 s | 19.896 |
| 5th | 3.4 cm | 3.3946 s | 20.373 |
| 6th | 6.5 cm | 2.8237 s | 20.619 |
| 7th | 7.6 cm | 2.6427 s | 20.814 |
| 8th | 7.1 cm | 2.8798 s | 21.499 |
| 9th | 14.8 cm | 1.3873 s | 21.737 |
| 10th | 5.2 cm | 3.3189 s | 21.795 |
2007 National Results from Top 3 Teams
Announced Distance: 8.7 meters
| School | Time | Stopping Distance | Total Score |
|---|---|---|---|
| Grand Haven, MI | 3.53 seconds | 0.4 cm | 10.99 |
| Wichita Collegiate, KS | 2.90 seconds | 2.6 cm | 11.30 |
| Newton North, MA | 3.34 seconds | 2.0 cm | 12.02 |
2006 National Results from Top 3 Teams
Announced Distance: 8.1 meters
| School | Time | Stopping Distance | Total Score |
|---|---|---|---|
| Harriton, PA | 3.00 seconds | 0.8 cm | 9.8 |
| Troy, CA | 3.56 seconds | 0.0 cm | 10.68 |
| Randolph, AL | 3.53 seconds | 0.3 cm | 10.89 |
2000 National Results from Top 3 Teams
| School | Predicted Distance | Actual Distance | Time | Stopping Distance | Total Score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maine-Endwell, NY | 868.0 cm | 868.40 cm | 5.21 seconds | 3.00 cm | 19.83 |
| J. T. Hoggard, NC | 864.0 cm | 865.90 cm | 5.94 seconds | 3.80 cm | 27.32 |
| Maize, KS | 860.0 cm | 859.70 cm | 5.13 seconds | 11.70 cm | 27.99 |