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{{EventLinksBox
 
{{EventLinksBox
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|2009thread=[http://scioly.org/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=17&t=1171 2009]
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    | active        =
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|2010tests=[http://scioly.org/wiki/2009_Test_Exchange#Solar_System 2010]
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    | type          = Earth Science
−
|2010thread=[http://scioly.org/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=67&t=1275 2010]
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    | cat          = Study
 +
    | 2009thread   = [http://scioly.org/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=17&t=1171 2009]
 +
    | 2010thread    = [http://scioly.org/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=67&t=1275 2010]
 +
    | 2011thread    = [http://scioly.org/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=93&t=2202 2011]
 +
    | 2014thread    = [http://www.scioly.org/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=167&t=5006 2014]
 +
    | 2015thread    = [http://scioly.org/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=187&t=5897 2015]
 +
    | 2018thread    = [https://scioly.org/forums/viewtopic.php?f=265&t=10878 2018]
 +
    | 2019thread    = [https://scioly.org/forums/viewtopic.php?f=285&t=12230 2019]
 +
    | 2017tests    = 2017
 +
    | 2018tests    = 2018
 +
    | 2019tests    = 2019
 +
    | testsArchive  = true
 +
    | 2014questions = [http://www.scioly.org/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=173&t=5032 2014]
 +
    | 2015questions = [http://scioly.org/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=193&t=6018&p=261479#p261479 2015]
 +
    | 2018questions = [https://scioly.org/forums/viewtopic.php?f=266&t=10975 2018]
 +
    | 2019questions =
 +
    | Website      = https://www.soinc.org/solar-system-b
 +
    | B Champion    = Highlands Intermediate School
 +
    | 2ndBName      = Paul J. Gelinas Junior High School
 +
    | 3rdBName      = Solon Middle School
 
}}
 
}}
−
This event rotates with [[Reach for the Stars]].
+
'''Solar System''' is a [[Division B]] event that returned for the [[2018]] and [[2019]] seasons with a focus on [[Solar System/Terrestrial Bodies|terrestrial planets and other rocky bodies in the solar system]]. In 2014 and 2015 the event focused on [[Solar System/Extraterrestrial Water|water and ice in the solar system]], while in past years it addressed the Sun, planets and their satellites, comets, asteroids, the Oort Cloud, the Kuiper Belt, meteoroids, meteorites, and meteors.
−
==Event Overview==
 
−
'''Solar System''' will address the Sun, planets and their satellites, comets, asteroids, the Oort Cloud, the Kuiper Belt, meteoroids, meteorites, and meteors.  
 
  
−
For this event, one should acquire a glossary containing many astronomical terms, a list of famous astronomers and their accomplishments, a table of planetary facts (mass, volume, year length, etc.), detailed diagrams of the sun and solar features, and astronomy formulas.
+
==Year-Specific Information==
 +
This page focuses on the general competition of Solar System. However, the event sometimes involves a specific topic. These topics are presented in the table below.
 +
 
 +
{|class="wikitable"
 +
|+Solar System Topics
 +
!Season
 +
!Topic
 +
|-
 +
!2019
 +
|rowspan="2" | [[Solar System/Terrestrial Bodies|Terrestrial Bodies]]
 +
|-
 +
![[2018]]
 +
|-
 +
![[2014]]
 +
|rowspan="2" | [[Solar System/Extraterrestrial Water|Extraterrestrial Water]]
 +
|-
 +
![[2015]]
 +
|-
 +
![[2011]]
 +
|rowspan="4" | General Solar System (this page)
 +
|-
 +
![[2010]]
 +
|-
 +
![[2007]]
 +
|-
 +
![[2006]]
 +
|-
 +
|}
  
 
==Origins of the Solar System==  
 
==Origins of the Solar System==  
−
Our solar system was formed about 4.57 billion years ago in a nebula, the center of which was the protosun. Surrounding it were the materials that would be the planets, planetesimals. When the nebula was sent into a spinning motion (possibly by a large star), the heavier, rocky materials gravitated to the center, and the lighter gaseous materials fell to the outer solar system. In the inner solar system, the small planetesimals continued to gather more material becoming the 4 rocky terrestrial planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars). In the outer solar system the rocky materials gathered to form planets, but the lighter gas materials were attracted by the gravity of the cores to form the Jovian (gaseous) planets(Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune). One group of planetesimals that never formed a planet was between Mars and Jupiter. They formed the asteroid belt. The leftover materials on the far edges of the solar system that did not form planets formed the Oort Cloud and Kuiper (kai-per) belt. These two bodies are the source of many comets, the dwarf planets Pluto, Ceres, Eris, Haumea, and Makemake, and the questionable planet Sedna.
+
Our solar system was formed about 4.57 billion years ago in a nebula, the center of which was the protosun. Surrounding it were the materials that would be the planets, planetesimals. When the nebula was sent into a spinning motion (possibly by a large star), the heavier, rocky materials gravitated to the center, and the lighter gaseous materials fell to the outer solar system. In the inner solar system, the small planetesimals continued to gather more material becoming the 4 rocky terrestrial planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars). In the outer solar system the rocky materials gathered to form planets, but the lighter gas materials were attracted by the gravity of the cores to form the Jovian (gaseous) planets(Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune). One group of planetesimals that never formed a planet was between Mars and Jupiter. They formed the asteroid belt. The leftover materials on the far edges of the solar system that did not form planets formed the Oort Cloud and Kuiper (kai-per) belt. These two bodies are the source of many comets, the dwarf planets Pluto, Ceres, Eris, Haumea, and Makemake, and the questionable planet or dwarf planet Sedna.
  
 
==Quick Guide to the Solar System==
 
==Quick Guide to the Solar System==
−
{|class="sortable" style="text-align:center"
+
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
 
|+Planets and Basic Info
 
|+Planets and Basic Info
−
!Planet!!Orbit Peroid!!Rotation Period!!Date Discovered!!Distance From Sun!!Radius!!Mass
+
!Planet!!Orbit Period!!Rotation Period!!Date Discovered!!Distance From Sun!!Radius!!Mass
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Mercury||87.97 days||58.6 days|| ||.39 AU||2,439.7 km||<math>3.302*10^{23}</math>
+
|Mercury||87.97 days||58.6 days|| Prehistory ||.39 AU||2,439.7 km||[math]3.302*10^{23}[/math] kg
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Venus||224.7 days||243 days|| ||.72 AU||6,051.9 km||<math>4.869*10^{24}</math>
+
|Venus||224.7 days||243 days|| Prehistory ||.72 AU||6,051.9 km||[math]4.869*10^{24}[/math] kg
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Earth||365.25 days||1 day|| ||1 AU||6,371.0 km||<math>5.9742*10^{24}</math>
+
|Earth||365.25 days||1 day|| Prehistory ||1 AU||6,371.0 km||[math]5.9742*10^{24}[/math] kg
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Mars||686.98 days||1.03 days|| ||1.52 AU||3,389.5 km||<math>6.4191*10^{24}</math>
+
|Mars||686.98 days||1.03 days|| Prehistory ||1.52 AU||3,389.5 km||[math]6.4191*10^{24}[/math] kg
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Jupiter||11.86 years||0.41 days||1610||5.2 AU||72,000 km||<math>1.8987*10^{27}</math>
+
|Jupiter||11.86 years||0.41 days||Prehistory||5.2 AU||72,000 km||[math]1.8987*10^{27}[/math] kg
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Saturn||29.46 years||.4166667 days|| ||9.54 AU||60,268 km||<math>5.6851*10^{26}</math>
+
|Saturn||29.46 years||.41667 days|| Prehistory ||9.54 AU||60,268 km||[math]5.6851*10^{26}[/math] kg
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Uranus||84.01 years||.7183333 days||March 13, 1781||19.18 AU||25,559 km||<math>8.6849*10^{25}</math>
+
|Uranus||84.01 years||.71833 days||March 13, 1781||19.18 AU||25,559 km||[math]8.6849*10^{25}[/math] kg
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Neptune||164.9 years||.67125 days||September 23, 1846||30.06 AU||24,764 km||<math>1.0244*10^{26}</math>
+
|Neptune||164.9 years||.67125 days||September 23, 1846||30.06 AU||24,764 km||[math]1.0244*10^{26}[/math] kg
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|}
 
|}
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(Please note that all of the largest/smallest classifications of the planets do NOT include Pluto!)  
 
(Please note that all of the largest/smallest classifications of the planets do NOT include Pluto!)  
  
−
===[[Solar_System/Sun|The Sun]]===
+
===The Sun===
−
===[[Solar_System/Inner_Planets|Inner Planets]]===
+
{{Main|Solar System/Sun}}
 +
{|class="wikitable"
 +
|-
 +
!Diameter
 +
|1,392,000 km
 +
|-
 +
!Mass
 +
|1.989 1030 kg
 +
|-
 +
!Luminosity
 +
|3.846 1033 erg/s
 +
|-
 +
!Composition
 +
|74% Hydrogen 25% Helium (Trace amounts of other elements)
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
The Sun is the largest body in our solar system, and contains 99.8% of the mass. (Most of the remaining mass is held by [[Solar System/Outer Planets#Jupiter|Jupiter]]) Because it is a globe of gases, it rotates differently depending on the area. The equator takes around 25 days, whereas the polar regions take around 35 days (Earth days).  It is 4.6 billion years old and is made up of layers, starting from the outside(with Temperatures), Corona(1,000,000 C), Transitive Region, Chromosphere, Photosphere(6,000 C), Convection Zone(1,000,000 C), Radiative Zone(2,000,000 C),and the Core(15,000,000 C).It produces heat from the fusion of hydrogen atoms. The heat is transferred by the process of convection, through the radiative and the convective zone, where it is radiated out through the photosphere and corona to the planets in the form of rays.
 +
===Inner Planets===
 +
{{Main|Solar System/Terrestrial Bodies#Terrestrial Planets}}
 +
The inner planets of our solar system are those between the [[Sun]] and the asteroid belt; Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars.
  
−
===[[Solar_System/Outer_Planets|Outer Planets]]===
+
===Outer Planets===
 +
{{Main|Solar System/Outer Planets}}
 +
The inner planets of our solar system are those between the [[Sun]] and the asteroid belt: Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. The outer planets are those beyond the asteroid belt: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
  
 
===Dwarf Planets===
 
===Dwarf Planets===
−
The definition of a Dwarf Planet is a planet with enough of a gravitational pull to keep a spherical shape, but not strong enough to "clear the neighborhood", which means that any object that comes close to the planet, it either "pushes away" or "pulls into an orbit".  
+
{{Main|Solar System/Terrestrial Bodies#Dwarf Planets}}
−
 
+
The definition of a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_planets Dwarf Planet] is a planet with enough of a gravitational pull to keep a spherical shape, but not strong enough to "clear the neighborhood", which means that any object that comes close to the planet, it either "pushes away" or "pulls into an orbit". In addition to that it cannot be a satellite of a non-stellar body.
−
====Ceres====
 
−
The largest object in the Asteroid Belt, containing 30% of its mass. When it was discovered in the early 1800s, Ceres was considered a planet, but was reclassified as an asteroid 50 years later. Since 2006, it has been considered a dwarf planet. Ceres orbits the Sun once every 4.6 Earth years and its day is about 9 hours.
 
−
 
 
−
====Haumea====
 
−
An "egg-shaped" dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt. The odd shape is believed to come from a high rotational speed, which flattens the poles and creates a bulge around the equator. Haumea has a year of about 283 earth years. It also has two moons, Hi'iaka and Namaka.
 
−
 
 
−
====Makemake====
 
−
Makemake has no moons, making it unique among the larger Kuiper Belt objects. It orbits the sun every 310 years.
 
  
 
===Plutoids===
 
===Plutoids===
−
To be considered a Plutoid, a dwarf planet must have a semi-major axis greater than that of Neptune. In other words, it must orbit outside of Neptune. Any Dwarf planet that orbits within Neptune is considered still considered a dwarf planet. As of right now, there are two Plutoids.
+
To be considered a Plutoid, a dwarf planet must have a semi-major axis greater than that of Neptune. In other words, it must orbit outside of Neptune. Any Dwarf planet that orbits within Neptune is considered still considered a dwarf planet. As of right now, there are four official Plutoids. They are Pluto, Haumea, Makemake, and Eris.
  
−
====Pluto====  
+
===Plutoid Candidates===
−
When it was still considered a planet, Pluto was the ninth planet from the Sun and the smallest planet. Very little is known about Pluto and its similarly sized moon Charon (pronounced "karen"). It was discovered in 1930 by Clyde Tombaugh, and was the only planet discovered in the 20th century. It is a part of the Kuiper belt, and is one of many similar Kuiper Belt objects. The only thing we know about Pluto is that it has a highly eccentric orbit, which crosses Neptune’s orbit every 200 years or so, for 20 years. It also has two smaller moons, Nix and Hydra. It became a dwarf planet in 2006. See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_E._Brown Michael Brown]
+
Some objects in the solar system are not officially considered dwarf planets or plutoids, but are large enough to be prime candidates for plutoid status.
  
−
====Eris====  
+
====Sedna====
−
Eris is in the scattered disc, a region beyond the Kuiper Belt. Since Eris is larger than Pluto, its discovery led the IAU (International Astronomical Union) to define "planet" and reclassify Pluto as a dwarf planet. Its only satellite is Dysomnia.
+
Sedna is a plutoid candidate with an orbit lasting about 11,518 Earth years. Its orbit is also highly eccentric, with a perihelion in the outer Kuiper Belt and an aphelion possibly in the inner Oort Cloud. Sedna's diameter is 995 miles, or about 1,600 kilometers. This object has no known natural satellites. Its discovery was mostly luck, as it was near its perihelion and at a (barely) detectable magnitude. Should it have been at the aphelion, it would remain unknown for thousands more years. This great distance is a potential reason that no natural satellites have been found; they would be way too dim.
  
 
===Small Solar System Bodies===
 
===Small Solar System Bodies===
−
====Asteroids====
+
{{Main|Solar System/Terrestrial Bodies#Small Bodies}}
−
A small solar system body orbiting the sun composed mainly of rock. They are larger than meteoroids but smaller than planets. Size ranges from 10 meters across to thousands of kilometers. The main difference between asteroids and comets is that comets have a tail of gases while asteroids do not. Comets can become asteroids if they burn off the ice on their surfaces. In fact, asteroids with eccentric orbits are most likely former comets.  Most asteroids in the solar system orbit within the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid_belt Asteroid Belt] between Mars and Jupiter.
 
−
 
 
−
====Meteoroids====
 
−
A "sand- to boulder-size" piece of space debris. The official definition from the IAU is "a solid object moving in interplanetary space, of a size considerably smaller than an asteroid and considerably larger than an atom". Traditionally, anything smaller than 10 meters across is considered a meteoroid, while anything larger than 10 meters is an asteroid. Once a meteoroid enters the atmosphere of Earth or another planet, it is considered a meteor. If it reaches the ground and stays (more or less) intact, it's called a meteorite.
 
−
 
 
−
====Comets====
 
−
A small solar system body that has a coma (the dust particles gathered around the comet's nucleus that give it an "atmosphere") and/or a tail. The nucleus itself is made up of water ice, dust, frozen gases and small rocky particles. The nuclei range from 100 meters across to more than 40 kilometers. As the comet approaches the sun, solar radiation cause the gases inside to vaporize and carry the dust with them. The gases also become excited by sunlight and emit electromagnetic radiation. Comets leave a trail of solid particles behind them, and if a comet crosses earth's path, there will most likely be meteor showers when earth passes through the debris field. For example, Halley's Comet causes the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orionids Orionid Showers] and the Swift-Tuttle Comet causes the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perseids Perseid showers].
 
−
 
 
−
'''Short-Period Comets'''- Comets with an orbital period of less than 200 years. Their orbits are in the same direction as the planets, close to the ecliptic, and their aphelion is generally in the area of the outer planets. They are divided into the Jupiter family (orbital period less than 20 years) and the Halley family (orbital periods between 20 and 200 years).
 
  
−
'''Long-Period Comets'''- Comets with orbital periods of more than 200 years, sometimes even thousands or millions of years. Their orbits are very eccentric, often don't lie near the ecliptic, and their aphelion is far beyond the outer planets. However, all long-period comets are still gravitationally bound to the sun; comets that have been ejected from the solar system by the gravity of the outer planets are no longer considered to have an orbital period.
+
Some examples of small bodies in the Solar System include asteroids, meteoroids, and comets.
−
 
 
−
'''Single-Apparition Comets'''- Comets that have a parabolic or hyperbolic trajectory, i.e. their trajectories only let them enter the solar system once (hence the name). Other than that, they are very similar to long-period comets.
 
  
 
===Other Features of the Solar System===
 
===Other Features of the Solar System===
 
====Oort Cloud====
 
====Oort Cloud====
−
The Oort cloud is an immense cloud at the outer limits of the solar system. This is believed to be the farthest reaches of the Sun's gravitational pull that measurably affects other objects. This cloud is so vast that comets within it can be tens of millions of kilometers apart. It is believed that the cloud is denser along the elliptical plane. The estimated mass of all the bodies in the Oort cloud is about 40 times Earth's mass. These comets are easily influenced by other stars, and often a star that comes to close to another star's Oort cloud can fling these comets out into deep space or into the solar system. It is believed that this is where many of the comets and asteroids in our solar system originated from.
+
The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oort_cloud Oort cloud] is an immense cloud at the outer limits of the solar system. This is believed to be the farthest reaches of the Sun's gravitational pull that measurably affects other objects. This cloud is so vast that comets within it can be tens of millions of kilometers apart. It is believed that the cloud is denser along the elliptical plane. The estimated mass of all the bodies in the Oort cloud is about 40 times Earth's mass. These comets are easily influenced by other stars, and often a star that comes to close to another star's Oort cloud can fling these comets out into deep space or into the solar system. It is believed that this is where many of the comets and asteroids in our solar system originated from.
  
−
[[Image:oortcloud.jpg]] Copyright Calvin J. Hamilton [http://www.solarviews.com www.solarviews.com]
+
[[Image:oortcloud.jpg]]
  
 
====Kuiper Belt====
 
====Kuiper Belt====
 
The Kuiper belt is similar to the Asteroid belt. It lies beyond Neptune, about 30-50 AU from the Sun. It is believed that these are the remains of when the Solar System was first created. When the solar system was created, most space debris was condensed to form planets. The debris that did not form planets slowly drifted outwards to form the Kuiper Belt.
 
The Kuiper belt is similar to the Asteroid belt. It lies beyond Neptune, about 30-50 AU from the Sun. It is believed that these are the remains of when the Solar System was first created. When the solar system was created, most space debris was condensed to form planets. The debris that did not form planets slowly drifted outwards to form the Kuiper Belt.
−
No spacecraft has ever reached the Kuiper Belt, but the New Horizons spacecraft should drift past it sometime in 2015.
+
NASA’s New Horiozons was the first spacecraft to actually visit an object in the Kuiper Belt. It flew by Pluto and its moons in July 2015. New Horizons is to fly past another Kuiper Belt object, 2014 MU69 on New Year's Eve 2018.
  
 
===Moons of the Solar System===
 
===Moons of the Solar System===
Line 96: Line 142:
  
 
Venus: No moons
 
Venus: No moons
−
{|class="sortable" style="text-align:center"
+
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
 
|+'''Earth's Moons'''
 
|+'''Earth's Moons'''
 
!Name!!Year discovered!!Discoverer!!Distance from Planet (km)!!Diameter (km)!!Orbital Period (days)
 
!Name!!Year discovered!!Discoverer!!Distance from Planet (km)!!Diameter (km)!!Orbital Period (days)
Line 103: Line 149:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
−
{|class="sortable" style="text-align:center"
+
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
 
|+'''Mars' Moons'''
 
|+'''Mars' Moons'''
 
!Name!!Year discovered!!Discoverer!!Distance from Planet (km)!!Diameter (km)!!Orbital Period (days)
 
!Name!!Year discovered!!Discoverer!!Distance from Planet (km)!!Diameter (km)!!Orbital Period (days)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Deimos||1877||A. Hall||23,460||8||1.263
+
|Deimos||1877||A. Hall||23,460||16x12x10||1.263
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Phobos||1877||A. Hall||9,270||.319
+
|Phobos||1877||A. Hall||9,270||28x23x2||.319
 
|}
 
|}
−
{|class="sortable" style="text-align:center"
+
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
 
|+'''Jupiter's Moons'''
 
|+'''Jupiter's Moons'''
 
!Name!!Year discovered!!Discoverer!!Distance from Planet (km)!!Diameter (km)!!Orbital Period (days)
 
!Name!!Year discovered!!Discoverer!!Distance from Planet (km)!!Diameter (km)!!Orbital Period (days)
Line 124: Line 170:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
−
There are 63 moons of Jupiter, but only the most famous ones were listed here.
+
There are 79 moons of Jupiter (53 named and 26 awaiting confirmation as of July 2018), but only the most famous ones are listed here.
−
{|class="sortable" style="text-align:center"
+
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
 
|+'''Saturn's Moons'''
 
|+'''Saturn's Moons'''
 
!Name!!Year discovered!!Discoverer!!Distance from Planet (km)!!Diameter (km)!!Orbital Period (days)
 
!Name!!Year discovered!!Discoverer!!Distance from Planet (km)!!Diameter (km)!!Orbital Period (days)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Atlas||1980||R. Terrile||137640||37||0.602
 
|Atlas||1980||R. Terrile||137640||37||0.602
 +
|-
 +
|Mimas||1789||Herschel||185520||392||.942
 +
|-
 +
|Enceladus||1789||Herschel||238020||444||1.370
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Tethys||1684||G. Cassini||294660||1060||1.888
 
|Tethys||1684||G. Cassini||294660||1060||1.888
 +
|-
 +
|Dione||1684||Cassini||377400||1120||2.737
 +
|-
 +
|Rhea||1672||G. Cassini||527040||1520||4.518
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Titan||1655||C. Huygens||1221850||5150||15.945
 
|Titan||1655||C. Huygens||1221850||5150||15.945
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|Hyperion||1848||Bond||1481100||410x260x220||21.277
 +
|-
 +
|Iapetus||1671||Cassini||3561300||1436||79.330
 +
|-
 +
|Phoebe||1898||Pickering||12952000||220||550.56
 
|}
 
|}
−
There are 60 moons of Saturn, but only the most famous ones were listed here.
+
There are 60 moons and numerous moonlets of Saturn , but only the most famous ones are listed here.
 +
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
 +
|+'''Uranus's Moons'''
 +
!Name!!Year discovered!!Discoverer!!Distance from Planet (km)!!Diameter (km)!!Orbital Period (days)
 +
|-
 +
|Miranda||1948||G. P. Kuiper||129390||471.6||1.413
 +
|-
 +
|Ariel||1851||W. Lassell||191020||1157.8||2.520
 +
|-
 +
|Umbriel||1851||Lassell||266300||1169.4||4.144
 +
|-
 +
|Titania||1787||W. Herschel||435910||1576.8||8.706
 +
|-
 +
|Oberon||1787||Herschel||583520||1522.8||13.463
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
There are 27 moons of Uranus, but only the major ones, those massive enough for their surfaces to have collapsed into a spheroid, are listed here.
 +
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
 +
|+'''Neptune's Moons'''
 +
!Name!!Year discovered!!Discoverer!!Distance from Planet (km)!!Diameter (km)!!Orbital Period (days)<sup>1</sup>
 +
|-
 +
|Naiad||1989||Voyager||48227||66||0.294
 +
|-
 +
|Thalassa||1989||Voyager||50074||82||0.311
 +
|-
 +
|Despina||1989||Voyager||52526||150||0.335
 +
|-
 +
|Galatea||1989||Voyager||61953||176||0.429
 +
|-
 +
|Larissa||1981||H. J. Reitsema||73548||194||0.555
 +
|-
 +
|S/2004 N 1||2013||M. R. Showalter||105300||16-20||0.936
 +
|-
 +
|Proteus||1989||Voyager||117646||420||1.122
 +
|-
 +
|Triton||1846||W. Lassell||354759||2705.2||-5.877
 +
|-
 +
|Nereid||1949||G. Kuiper||5513818||340||360.13
 +
|-
 +
|Halimede||2002||M. J. Holman||16611000||62||-1879.08
 +
|-
 +
|Sao||2002||Holman||22228000||44||2912.72
 +
|-
 +
|Laomedeia||2002||Holman||23567000||42||3171.33
 +
|-
 +
|Psamathe||2003||S. S. Sheppard||48096000||40||-9074.30
 +
|-
 +
|Neso||2002||Holman||49285000||60||-9740.73
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
<sup>1</sup>Negative orbital periods indicate retrograde orbit.
  
−
Uranus- 27 moons
 
  
−
Neptune- 13 moons
+
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
−
{|class="sortable" style="text-align:center"
 
 
|+'''Pluto's Moons'''
 
|+'''Pluto's Moons'''
 
!Name!!Year discovered!!Discoverer!!Distance from Planet (km)!!Diameter (km)!!Orbital Period (days)
 
!Name!!Year discovered!!Discoverer!!Distance from Planet (km)!!Diameter (km)!!Orbital Period (days)
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|Charon||1978||J. Christy||19571||1207||6.387
 
|Charon||1978||J. Christy||19571||1207||6.387
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Nix||2005||H.A. Weaver||48675||44130||42.856
+
|Styx||2012||M. R. Showalter||44448||10-25||20.1617
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Hydra||2005||H.A. Weaver||64780||44130||38.206
+
|Nix||2005||H. A. Weaver||48675||137||42.856
 +
|-
 +
|Kerberos||2011||M. R. Showalter||59785||13-34||32.1
 +
|-
 +
|Hydra||2005||H. A. Weaver||64780||167||38.206
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
Line 155: Line 266:
 
==Eclipses==
 
==Eclipses==
 
===Lunar Eclipses===
 
===Lunar Eclipses===
 +
[[File:Lunar_Eclipse.png|280px|thumb|right|Total Lunar Eclipse]]
 
A type of eclipse that occurs when the Earth passes directly between the moon and sun, which means that the moon is in Earth's shadow. Since Earth is in the middle of the moon and sun, it must always be a full moon for a lunar eclipse to occur. There are several types of lunar eclipses:
 
A type of eclipse that occurs when the Earth passes directly between the moon and sun, which means that the moon is in Earth's shadow. Since Earth is in the middle of the moon and sun, it must always be a full moon for a lunar eclipse to occur. There are several types of lunar eclipses:
  
−
'''Penumbral Eclipse'''- The moon passes through Earth's penumbra, causing its surface to darken slightly.
+
:'''Penumbral Eclipse''' - The moon passes through Earth's penumbra, causing its surface to darken slightly.
−
+
:'''Total Penumbral Eclipse''' - The moon passes "exclusively" through Earth's penumbra. The area of the moon closest to the umbra can appear darker than the rest of it.
−
'''Total Penumbral Eclipse'''- The moon passes "exclusively" through Earth's penumbra. The area of the moon closest to the umbra can appear darker than the rest of it.
+
:'''Partial Lunar Eclipse''' - A portion of the moon passes through Earth's umbra.
−
+
:'''Total Lunar Eclipse''' - The whole moon passes through Earth's umbra. Totality can last up to 107 minutes, depending on the distance of the moon (at apogee, the moon's speed is slower, meaning a longer eclipse).
−
'''Partial Lunar Eclipse'''- A portion of the moon passes through Earth's umbra.
+
:'''Selenehelion''' - Also known as a "horizontal eclipse", this is when the sun and the eclipsed moon can be seen at the same time. It can only occur right after sunrise or just before sunset. Technically, the moon and sun shouldn't be visible at the same time, but Earth's atmosphere refracts light and things near the horizon appear higher in the sky than they really are. The name is derived from the Greek goddess of the Moon (Selene) and their word for Sun, helios.
−
 
−
[[File:Lunar_Eclipse.png|280px|thumb|right|Total Lunar Eclipse]]
 
−
 
 
−
'''Total Lunar Eclipse'''- The whole moon passes through Earth's umbra. Totality can last up to 107 minutes, depending on the distance of the moon (at apogee, the moon's speed is slower, meaning a longer eclipse).
 
−
 
−
'''Selenehelion'''- Also known as a "horizontal eclipse", this is when the sun and the eclipsed moon can be seen at the same time. It can only occur right after sunrise or just before sunset. Technically, the moon and sun shouldn't be visible at the same time, but Earth's atmosphere refracts light and things near the horizon appear higher in the sky than they really are. The name is derived from the Greek goddess of the Moon (Selene) and their word for Sun, helios.
 
  
 
[[File:Solar_Eclipse.png|300px|thumb|right|Total Solar Eclipse, not to scale.]]
 
[[File:Solar_Eclipse.png|300px|thumb|right|Total Solar Eclipse, not to scale.]]
Line 174: Line 280:
 
The moon passes between the Earth and sun so that the sun's light is partially or completely blocked. Solar Eclipses can only occur during a new moon, when the moon is between the earth and the sun. However, since the moon's orbit around the earth is inclined at about 5°, solar eclipses can only happen when the moon's orbit crosses the ecliptic. There are four types of solar eclipses:
 
The moon passes between the Earth and sun so that the sun's light is partially or completely blocked. Solar Eclipses can only occur during a new moon, when the moon is between the earth and the sun. However, since the moon's orbit around the earth is inclined at about 5°, solar eclipses can only happen when the moon's orbit crosses the ecliptic. There are four types of solar eclipses:
  
−
'''Total Eclipse'''- The sun is completely blocked by the moon. A total eclipse often happens near perigee because the moon is closer to the earth and its apparent size is larger. When earth is close to aphelion, total eclipses are also more likely to occur. The sun's disk is obscured and its corona is visible. Total eclipses are only visible from the path of totality in the moon's umbra.
+
:'''Total Eclipse''' - The sun is completely blocked by the moon. A total eclipse often happens near perigee because the moon is closer to the earth and its apparent size is larger. When earth is close to aphelion, total eclipses are also more likely to occur. The sun's disk is obscured and its corona is visible. Total eclipses are only visible from the path of totality in the moon's umbra.
−
+
:'''Annular Eclipse''' - The sun and moon are in line, but the moon's apparent size is smaller than the sun because the moon is close to apogee. Annular eclipses are more likely to occur during earth's perihelion. The sun appears as a bright ring around the moon's outline. Annular eclipses are only visible in the antumbra.
−
'''Annular Eclipse'''- The sun and moon are in line, but the moon's apparent size is smaller than the sun because the moon is close to apogee. Annular eclipses are more likely to occur during earth's perihelion. The sun appears as a bright ring around the moon's outline. Annular eclipses are only visible in the antumbra.
+
:'''Hybrid Eclipse''' - A hybrid eclipse is visible as a total eclipse from some places on earth and is visible as an annular eclipse from other places. This kind of eclipse is rare compared to the other kinds.
−
+
:'''Partial Eclipse''' - The moon only obscures part of the sun. Partial eclipses can be seen from "a large part of earth" (the moon's penumbra) outside the path of totality for a total or annular eclipse. Some eclipses are only visible as a partial eclipse because the umbra passes above the poles.
−
'''Hybrid Eclipse'''- A hybrid eclipse is visible as a total eclipse from some places on earth and is visible as an annular eclipse from other places. This kind of eclipse is rare compared to the other kinds.
 
−
 
−
'''Partial Eclipse'''- The moon only obscures part of the sun. Partial eclipses can be seen from "a large part of earth" (the moon's penumbra) outside the path of totality for a total or annular eclipse. Some eclipses are only visible as a partial eclipse because the umbra passes above the poles.
 
  
−
==Newton's Laws of Motion and Gravitational Attraction==
+
==Important Laws==
 +
===Newton's Laws of Motion and Gravitational Attraction===
 
====Laws of motion====
 
====Laws of motion====
 
1. An object at rest stays at rest unless acted on by an outside force. An object in motion stays in motion unless acted on by an outside force.
 
1. An object at rest stays at rest unless acted on by an outside force. An object in motion stays in motion unless acted on by an outside force.
Line 193: Line 297:
 
Every object attracts every other object with a force proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of their distance.
 
Every object attracts every other object with a force proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of their distance.
  
−
<math>F = G \frac{m_1 m_2}{r^2}</math>
+
[math]F = G \frac{m_1 m_2}{r^2}[/math]
  
 
Where,  
 
Where,  
Line 207: Line 311:
 
r is the distance between the two point masses.
 
r is the distance between the two point masses.
  
−
==Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion==
+
===Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion===
−
===Quick Overview===
+
Kepler's Laws are as follows:
 
# The orbit of every planet is an ellipse with the sun at a focus.
 
# The orbit of every planet is an ellipse with the sun at a focus.
 
# A line joining a planet and the sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time.
 
# A line joining a planet and the sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time.
 
# The square of the orbital period of a planet is directly proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit.
 
# The square of the orbital period of a planet is directly proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit.
−
===In-Depth===
+
 
−
Many of the pictures and diagrams used in this section are from [http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/history/kepler.html http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/history/kepler.html]
+
See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler%27s_laws_of_planetary_motion here] for more info. Many of the pictures and diagrams used in this section are from [http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/history/kepler.html here].
 +
 
 
====Law 1====
 
====Law 1====
 
'''The orbit of every planet is an ellipse with the sun at a focus.'''
 
'''The orbit of every planet is an ellipse with the sun at a focus.'''
  
−
To understand this law, you must first understand ellipses. You can think of an ellipse as a flatten circle, with two axises. There is the major axis, which is the longer one, and the minor axis, which is the shorter one. There are always two focuses, which are on the major axis. There is also a semi-major axis, which is half the major axis, and a semi-minor axis, or half the minor axis. The sum of the distance to both of the foci is constant.  
+
To understand this law, you must first understand ellipses. You can think of an ellipse as a flatten circle, with two axes. There is the major axis, which is the longer one, and the minor axis, which is the shorter one. There are always two focuses, which are on the major axis. There is also a semi-major axis, which is half the major axis, and a semi-minor axis, or half the minor axis. The sum of the distance to both of the foci is constant.  
  
 
[[Image:ellipse.gif]]
 
[[Image:ellipse.gif]]
Line 234: Line 339:
 
'''The square of the orbital period of a planet is directly proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit.'''
 
'''The square of the orbital period of a planet is directly proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit.'''
 
This is purely math.
 
This is purely math.
−
<math>\frac{P_1^2}{P_2^2} = \frac{R_1^3}{R_2^3}</math>  
+
[math]\frac{P_1^2}{P_2^2} = \frac{R_1^3}{R_2^3}[/math]  
  
−
So what this means is that these two fractions are equal. Remember in the first law, we defined the major and minor axises? The semi-major axis is half of the major axis. So that shows that the minor axis defines the orbital period!
+
So what this means is that these two fractions are equal. Remember in the first law, we defined the major and minor axes? The semi-major axis is half of the major axis. So that shows that the minor axis defines the orbital period!
−
You can use this law to find either the semi-major axis, which can then be used to find the major axis, or the orbital period. Since <math>p^2 = a^3</math>, we can use the formula <math>p = a^{3/2}</math> to find the orbital period, or <math>a = p^{2/3}</math> to find the semi-major axis.
+
You can use this law to find either the semi-major axis, which can then be used to find the major axis, or the orbital period. Since [math]p^2 = a^3[/math], we can use the formula [math]p = a^{3/2}[/math] to find the orbital period, or [math]a = p^{2/3}[/math] to find the semi-major axis.
  
−
==Escape Velocity==
+
===Escape Velocity===
 
Escape Velocity is the velocity something must reach in order to escape the gravitational pull of a planet. You can calculate the escape velocity using this  formula:
 
Escape Velocity is the velocity something must reach in order to escape the gravitational pull of a planet. You can calculate the escape velocity using this  formula:
−
<math>E_v = \sqrt{\frac{M*2*G}{R}} </math>
+
[math]E_v = \sqrt{\frac{2GM}{R}} [/math]
  
 
Where,  
 
Where,  
−
Ev is the escape velocity, M is the mass (in km) of the planet, G is the gravitational constant (equal to <math>6.67*10^{-13}</math>), and R is equal to the radius of your planet ''in meters''.
+
E<sub>v</sub> is the escape velocity, M is the mass (in kg) of the planet, G is the gravitational constant (equal to [math]6.67\times10^{-11} \ {\rm N} \ {\rm  m^{2}} \ {\rm  kg^{-2}}[/math]), and R is the radius of your planet ''in meters''.
  
 
This is a strange form of measurement for a planet, so watch out. It can change your answer dramatically.
 
This is a strange form of measurement for a planet, so watch out. It can change your answer dramatically.
Line 250: Line 355:
 
Here is a simple, easy to use Escape Velocity calculator made with Microsoft Excel. To use it, you fill in each box in a row with the mass and radius of your planet, respectively. You usually use meters for the radius, but this calculator converts it for you, so fill in the radius in kilometers. The first two boxes are used for the mass, so that a*10^b = mass, you would fill in "a" in the first box and "b" in the second box. Just look at the examples to figure out how to use it.  
 
Here is a simple, easy to use Escape Velocity calculator made with Microsoft Excel. To use it, you fill in each box in a row with the mass and radius of your planet, respectively. You usually use meters for the radius, but this calculator converts it for you, so fill in the radius in kilometers. The first two boxes are used for the mass, so that a*10^b = mass, you would fill in "a" in the first box and "b" in the second box. Just look at the examples to figure out how to use it.  
 
[[Media:Escape_Velocity_Calculator.xls|Escape Velocity Calculator (.xls)]]
 
[[Media:Escape_Velocity_Calculator.xls|Escape Velocity Calculator (.xls)]]
 +
 
==Effects of Planets/Satellites==
 
==Effects of Planets/Satellites==
 
'''Tidal locking'''- when one side of an astronomical object always faces another astronomical body. For example, the Moon takes just as long to rotate one time as it does to revolve around Earth one time. Two objects of a similar size (like Pluto and Charon) may both become tidally locked to each other.
 
'''Tidal locking'''- when one side of an astronomical object always faces another astronomical body. For example, the Moon takes just as long to rotate one time as it does to revolve around Earth one time. Two objects of a similar size (like Pluto and Charon) may both become tidally locked to each other.
Line 300: Line 406:
  
 
==Famous Astronomers==
 
==Famous Astronomers==
 +
===Aristarchus===
 +
 +
Aristarchus was an ancient Greek astronomer. He was the one to first put forward the idea of a heliocentric Solar System. After observing solar and lunar eclipses, he deduced correctly that the Solar System was heliocentric.
 
===Tycho Brahe===
 
===Tycho Brahe===
 
(1546-1601)
 
(1546-1601)
  
−
Tycho Brahe was a Danish astronomers that was famous for creating precise measurements of the planets, and also more than 700 stars. He discovered a supernova in 1572 near Cassiopeia. The king of Denmark was so impressed with this discovery that he funded a large observatory on the island of Ven.
+
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tycho_Brahe Tycho Brahe] was a Danish astronomer that was famous for creating precise measurements of the planets, and also more than 700 stars. He discovered a supernova in 1572 near Cassiopeia. The king of Denmark was so impressed with this discovery that he funded a large observatory on the island of Ven. He also invented his own view of the Universe, the Tychonian System. In it, every planet but Earth orbited the Sun, and the Sun and Moon orbited the Earth.
  
 
===Galileo Galilei===
 
===Galileo Galilei===
 
(1564-1642)
 
(1564-1642)
  
−
Galileo Galilei was a very famous astronomer who is sometimes known as "the father of modern observational astronomy". His greatest astronomical achievements include discovering Jupiter's four largest satellites, observing and recording the phases of Venus, improving the design of the telescope,  and greatly supporting the theory of a heliocentric solar system.
+
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo Galileo Galilei] was a very famous astronomer who is sometimes known as "the father of modern observational astronomy". His greatest astronomical achievements include discovering Jupiter's four largest satellites, observing and recording the phases of Venus, improving the design of the telescope,  and greatly supporting the theory of a heliocentric solar system.
  
 
Galileo was born in Pisa, Italy, but moved to Florence at the age of 8. He later applied to the University of Pisa to get a medical degree, but his interests took a different course (no pun intended) and he ended up studying mathematics.
 
Galileo was born in Pisa, Italy, but moved to Florence at the age of 8. He later applied to the University of Pisa to get a medical degree, but his interests took a different course (no pun intended) and he ended up studying mathematics.
Line 318: Line 427:
 
(1571-1630)
 
(1571-1630)
  
−
Johannes Kepler was a German astronomer most famous for developing the Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion. He began to work on complex math formulas to explain planetary motion, which he mistakenly thought were circular in shape. Later, he became Tycho Brahe's assistant. Kepler and Tycho did not get along, however, and Tycho set Kepler to the task of understanding Mars' orbit. It was just this that allowed him to find the final piece in developing the Laws of Planetary Motion.
+
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler Johannes Kepler] was a German astronomer most famous for developing the Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion. He began to work on complex math formulas to explain planetary motion, which he mistakenly thought were circular in shape. Later, he became Tycho Brahe's assistant. Kepler and Tycho did not get along, however, and Tycho set Kepler to the task of understanding Mars' orbit. It was just this that allowed him to find the final piece in developing the Laws of Planetary Motion.
  
−
===Clyde Thombaugh===
+
===Clyde Tombaugh===
 
(1906-1997)
 
(1906-1997)
  
−
Clyde Thombaugh is credited for discovering Pluto. He began at home with a nine inch home-made telescope, and used this to draw pictures of Saturn and Jupiter. He sent the pictures to the Lowell Observatory, and was immediately offered a position. His goal was to discover the elusive "planet X", later to be renamed Pluto. Even after this great accomplishment, he went on to discover many more things such as comets, open clusters, and globular clusters.
+
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_Tombaugh Clyde Tombaugh] is credited for discovering Pluto. He began at home with a nine inch home-made telescope, and used this to draw pictures of Saturn and Jupiter. He sent the pictures to the Lowell Observatory, and was immediately offered a position. His goal was to discover the elusive "planet X", later to be renamed Pluto. Even after this great accomplishment, he went on to discover many more things such as comets, open clusters, and globular clusters.
  
 
===Nicholas Copernicus===
 
===Nicholas Copernicus===
 
(1473-1543)
 
(1473-1543)
  
−
Nicholas Copernicus was a Polish astronomer who developed the Copernicus theory, stating that the sun lies near the center of the Solar System, and the Earth revolves around it, rather than the other way around. This theory was not proven until Galileo, and not widely accepted for many more years. Later in life he went on to lecture in Rome about astronomy.  
+
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicus Nicholas Copernicus] was a Polish astronomer who developed the Copernicus theory, stating that the sun lies near the center of the Solar System, and the Earth revolves around it, rather than the other way around. This theory was not proven until Galileo, and not widely accepted for many more years. Later in life he went on to lecture in Rome about astronomy.
  
 
===Edmond Halley===
 
===Edmond Halley===
 
(1656-1742)
 
(1656-1742)
  
−
Edmond Halley was a British astronomer who was the first to calculate a comet's orbit. He went to the University of Oxford where he studied the theories of Sir Issac Newton. He published a book in 1705 called ''Astronomiae Cometicae Synopsis'' (Synopsis on Cometary Astronomy). His theories were validated when a comet appeared in 1758, just as he predicted. The comet was named after him for his remarkable accuracy, and is now known as Halley's comet.
+
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Halley Edmond Halley] was a British astronomer who was the first to calculate a comet's orbit. He went to the University of Oxford where he studied the theories of Sir Issac Newton. He published a book in 1705 called ''Astronomiae Cometicae Synopsis'' (Synopsis on Cometary Astronomy). His theories were validated when a comet appeared in 1758, just as he predicted. The comet was named after him for his remarkable accuracy, and is now known as Halley's comet.
−
 
 
−
==Helpful Tips==
 
−
This event often contains many questions/tasks not listed on the event sheet, so you should study anything that could be interpreted as related to our solar system. If you do this (And have a decent reference book) you should be guaranteed to get a top ten finish.
 
  
−
==Links==
+
==Missions==
−
[http://www.nineplanets.org/ The 9 planets]
+
''For more information on each individual mission, see [[Solar System/Missions]].''
  
−
[http://evula.org/solarsystem/index.html The solar system]
+
Many missions have been undertaken for the exploration and advancement of knowledge of the celestial bodies described above. In addition, many missions are currently being planned and prepared. Some of the most noteworthy are highlighted in the table below.
  
−
[http://www.solarviews.com/ Views of the solar system]
+
{|class="wikitable"
 +
|+Missions
 +
!Name
 +
!Start Date
 +
!End Date
 +
!Object(s)
 +
!Objectives
 +
|-
 +
!Voyager 1
 +
|Sept 5, 1977
 +
|Continuing
 +
|Jupiter and Saturn
 +
|To explore the solar system. Ended up making groundbreaking discoveries about the moons of Jupiter and Saturn.
 +
|-
 +
!Voyager 2
 +
|Aug 20, 1977
 +
|Continuing
 +
|Jupiter and Saturn
 +
|To explore the solar system. It added to Voyager 1's discoveries by doing more flybys of the moons of Jupiter and Saturn.
 +
|-
 +
|}
  
−
[http://www.soinc.org/events/solarsyst/index.htm Soinc's solar system page]
+
==Helpful Tips==
 +
This event often contains many questions/tasks not listed on the event sheet, so you should study anything that could be interpreted as related to our solar system. If you do this (And have a decent reference book) you should be guaranteed to get a top ten finish. Also, make sure to check information posted on the site - it may be mistaken and/or outdated.
  
−
[http://library.thinkquest.org/23830/astronomers.htm Information on famous astronomers]
+
When making a note sheet, use One Note, since you can fit a lot of text and diagrams on one page, and you can easily use the clipping tool to copy and paste text from websites onto your note sheet.
  
−
[http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/history/kepler.html Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion]
+
==Links==
 +
:[[Media:Solar_Study_Guide.pdf|An Example Note Sheet]]
 +
:[http://pirlwww.lpl.arizona.edu/HIIPS/Publications/hoppa_abstracts/cycloid.html Formation of Cycloidal Ridges on Europa]
 +
:[http://www.polaris.iastate.edu/EveningStar/Unit2/unit2_sub4.htm Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion]
 +
:[http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/index.cfm NASA'S Solar System Website]
 +
:[[Media: SS Planet Characteristics.doc|Notes on Planetary Characteristics]] (.doc)
 +
:[http://www.nineplanets.org/ The Nine Planets]
 +
:[http://www.solarviews.com/ Views of the Solar System]  
  
−
[[Media: SS Planet Characteristics.doc |Notes on planet characteristics]]
 
  
 +
{{Earth and Space Event}}
 
[[Category:Event Pages]]
 
[[Category:Event Pages]]
 
[[Category:Study Event Pages]]
 
[[Category:Study Event Pages]]
 +
[[Category:Earth and Space Science Events]]

Revision as of 19:35, 11 September 2020

Template:EventLinksBox Solar System is a Division B event that returned for the 2018 and 2019 seasons with a focus on terrestrial planets and other rocky bodies in the solar system. In 2014 and 2015 the event focused on water and ice in the solar system, while in past years it addressed the Sun, planets and their satellites, comets, asteroids, the Oort Cloud, the Kuiper Belt, meteoroids, meteorites, and meteors.

Year-Specific Information

This page focuses on the general competition of Solar System. However, the event sometimes involves a specific topic. These topics are presented in the table below.

Solar System Topics
Season Topic
2019 Terrestrial Bodies
2018
2014 Extraterrestrial Water
2015
2011 General Solar System (this page)
2010
2007
2006

Origins of the Solar System

Our solar system was formed about 4.57 billion years ago in a nebula, the center of which was the protosun. Surrounding it were the materials that would be the planets, planetesimals. When the nebula was sent into a spinning motion (possibly by a large star), the heavier, rocky materials gravitated to the center, and the lighter gaseous materials fell to the outer solar system. In the inner solar system, the small planetesimals continued to gather more material becoming the 4 rocky terrestrial planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars). In the outer solar system the rocky materials gathered to form planets, but the lighter gas materials were attracted by the gravity of the cores to form the Jovian (gaseous) planets(Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune). One group of planetesimals that never formed a planet was between Mars and Jupiter. They formed the asteroid belt. The leftover materials on the far edges of the solar system that did not form planets formed the Oort Cloud and Kuiper (kai-per) belt. These two bodies are the source of many comets, the dwarf planets Pluto, Ceres, Eris, Haumea, and Makemake, and the questionable planet or dwarf planet Sedna.

Quick Guide to the Solar System

Planets and Basic Info
Planet Orbit Period Rotation Period Date Discovered Distance From Sun Radius Mass
Mercury 87.97 days 58.6 days Prehistory .39 AU 2,439.7 km [math]3.302*10^{23}[/math] kg
Venus 224.7 days 243 days Prehistory .72 AU 6,051.9 km [math]4.869*10^{24}[/math] kg
Earth 365.25 days 1 day Prehistory 1 AU 6,371.0 km [math]5.9742*10^{24}[/math] kg
Mars 686.98 days 1.03 days Prehistory 1.52 AU 3,389.5 km [math]6.4191*10^{24}[/math] kg
Jupiter 11.86 years 0.41 days Prehistory 5.2 AU 72,000 km [math]1.8987*10^{27}[/math] kg
Saturn 29.46 years .41667 days Prehistory 9.54 AU 60,268 km [math]5.6851*10^{26}[/math] kg
Uranus 84.01 years .71833 days March 13, 1781 19.18 AU 25,559 km [math]8.6849*10^{25}[/math] kg
Neptune 164.9 years .67125 days September 23, 1846 30.06 AU 24,764 km [math]1.0244*10^{26}[/math] kg

Use this chart to quickly compare some basic info for all the planets.

Bodies of the Solar System

(Please note that all of the largest/smallest classifications of the planets do NOT include Pluto!)

The Sun

Main article: Solar System/Sun
Diameter 1,392,000 km
Mass 1.989 1030 kg
Luminosity 3.846 1033 erg/s
Composition 74% Hydrogen 25% Helium (Trace amounts of other elements)

The Sun is the largest body in our solar system, and contains 99.8% of the mass. (Most of the remaining mass is held by Jupiter) Because it is a globe of gases, it rotates differently depending on the area. The equator takes around 25 days, whereas the polar regions take around 35 days (Earth days). It is 4.6 billion years old and is made up of layers, starting from the outside(with Temperatures), Corona(1,000,000 C), Transitive Region, Chromosphere, Photosphere(6,000 C), Convection Zone(1,000,000 C), Radiative Zone(2,000,000 C),and the Core(15,000,000 C).It produces heat from the fusion of hydrogen atoms. The heat is transferred by the process of convection, through the radiative and the convective zone, where it is radiated out through the photosphere and corona to the planets in the form of rays.

Inner Planets

Main article: Solar System/Terrestrial Bodies#Terrestrial Planets

The inner planets of our solar system are those between the Sun and the asteroid belt; Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars.

Outer Planets

Main article: Solar System/Outer Planets

The inner planets of our solar system are those between the Sun and the asteroid belt: Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. The outer planets are those beyond the asteroid belt: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.

Dwarf Planets

Main article: Solar System/Terrestrial Bodies#Dwarf Planets

The definition of a Dwarf Planet is a planet with enough of a gravitational pull to keep a spherical shape, but not strong enough to "clear the neighborhood", which means that any object that comes close to the planet, it either "pushes away" or "pulls into an orbit". In addition to that it cannot be a satellite of a non-stellar body.

Plutoids

To be considered a Plutoid, a dwarf planet must have a semi-major axis greater than that of Neptune. In other words, it must orbit outside of Neptune. Any Dwarf planet that orbits within Neptune is considered still considered a dwarf planet. As of right now, there are four official Plutoids. They are Pluto, Haumea, Makemake, and Eris.

Plutoid Candidates

Some objects in the solar system are not officially considered dwarf planets or plutoids, but are large enough to be prime candidates for plutoid status.

Sedna

Sedna is a plutoid candidate with an orbit lasting about 11,518 Earth years. Its orbit is also highly eccentric, with a perihelion in the outer Kuiper Belt and an aphelion possibly in the inner Oort Cloud. Sedna's diameter is 995 miles, or about 1,600 kilometers. This object has no known natural satellites. Its discovery was mostly luck, as it was near its perihelion and at a (barely) detectable magnitude. Should it have been at the aphelion, it would remain unknown for thousands more years. This great distance is a potential reason that no natural satellites have been found; they would be way too dim.

Small Solar System Bodies

Main article: Solar System/Terrestrial Bodies#Small Bodies


Some examples of small bodies in the Solar System include asteroids, meteoroids, and comets.

Other Features of the Solar System

Oort Cloud

The Oort cloud is an immense cloud at the outer limits of the solar system. This is believed to be the farthest reaches of the Sun's gravitational pull that measurably affects other objects. This cloud is so vast that comets within it can be tens of millions of kilometers apart. It is believed that the cloud is denser along the elliptical plane. The estimated mass of all the bodies in the Oort cloud is about 40 times Earth's mass. These comets are easily influenced by other stars, and often a star that comes to close to another star's Oort cloud can fling these comets out into deep space or into the solar system. It is believed that this is where many of the comets and asteroids in our solar system originated from.

Oortcloud.jpg

Kuiper Belt

The Kuiper belt is similar to the Asteroid belt. It lies beyond Neptune, about 30-50 AU from the Sun. It is believed that these are the remains of when the Solar System was first created. When the solar system was created, most space debris was condensed to form planets. The debris that did not form planets slowly drifted outwards to form the Kuiper Belt. NASA’s New Horiozons was the first spacecraft to actually visit an object in the Kuiper Belt. It flew by Pluto and its moons in July 2015. New Horizons is to fly past another Kuiper Belt object, 2014 MU69 on New Year's Eve 2018.

Moons of the Solar System

Mercury: No moons

Venus: No moons

Earth's Moons
Name Year discovered Discoverer Distance from Planet (km) Diameter (km) Orbital Period (days)
Moon prehistory prehistory 384,400 3476 27.322
Mars' Moons
Name Year discovered Discoverer Distance from Planet (km) Diameter (km) Orbital Period (days)
Deimos 1877 A. Hall 23,460 16x12x10 1.263
Phobos 1877 A. Hall 9,270 28x23x2 .319
Jupiter's Moons
Name Year discovered Discoverer Distance from Planet (km) Diameter (km) Orbital Period (days)
Callisto 1610 Galileo 188300 4800 16.689
Europa 1610 Galileo 670900 3126 3.551
Ganymede 1610 Galileo 1070000 5276 7.155
Io 1610 Galileo 421600 3629 1.769

There are 79 moons of Jupiter (53 named and 26 awaiting confirmation as of July 2018), but only the most famous ones are listed here.

Saturn's Moons
Name Year discovered Discoverer Distance from Planet (km) Diameter (km) Orbital Period (days)
Atlas 1980 R. Terrile 137640 37 0.602
Mimas 1789 Herschel 185520 392 .942
Enceladus 1789 Herschel 238020 444 1.370
Tethys 1684 G. Cassini 294660 1060 1.888
Dione 1684 Cassini 377400 1120 2.737
Rhea 1672 G. Cassini 527040 1520 4.518
Titan 1655 C. Huygens 1221850 5150 15.945
Hyperion 1848 Bond 1481100 410x260x220 21.277
Iapetus 1671 Cassini 3561300 1436 79.330
Phoebe 1898 Pickering 12952000 220 550.56

There are 60 moons and numerous moonlets of Saturn , but only the most famous ones are listed here.

Uranus's Moons
Name Year discovered Discoverer Distance from Planet (km) Diameter (km) Orbital Period (days)
Miranda 1948 G. P. Kuiper 129390 471.6 1.413
Ariel 1851 W. Lassell 191020 1157.8 2.520
Umbriel 1851 Lassell 266300 1169.4 4.144
Titania 1787 W. Herschel 435910 1576.8 8.706
Oberon 1787 Herschel 583520 1522.8 13.463

There are 27 moons of Uranus, but only the major ones, those massive enough for their surfaces to have collapsed into a spheroid, are listed here.

Neptune's Moons
Name Year discovered Discoverer Distance from Planet (km) Diameter (km) Orbital Period (days)1
Naiad 1989 Voyager 48227 66 0.294
Thalassa 1989 Voyager 50074 82 0.311
Despina 1989 Voyager 52526 150 0.335
Galatea 1989 Voyager 61953 176 0.429
Larissa 1981 H. J. Reitsema 73548 194 0.555
S/2004 N 1 2013 M. R. Showalter 105300 16-20 0.936
Proteus 1989 Voyager 117646 420 1.122
Triton 1846 W. Lassell 354759 2705.2 -5.877
Nereid 1949 G. Kuiper 5513818 340 360.13
Halimede 2002 M. J. Holman 16611000 62 -1879.08
Sao 2002 Holman 22228000 44 2912.72
Laomedeia 2002 Holman 23567000 42 3171.33
Psamathe 2003 S. S. Sheppard 48096000 40 -9074.30
Neso 2002 Holman 49285000 60 -9740.73

1Negative orbital periods indicate retrograde orbit.


Pluto's Moons
Name Year discovered Discoverer Distance from Planet (km) Diameter (km) Orbital Period (days)
Charon 1978 J. Christy 19571 1207 6.387
Styx 2012 M. R. Showalter 44448 10-25 20.1617
Nix 2005 H. A. Weaver 48675 137 42.856
Kerberos 2011 M. R. Showalter 59785 13-34 32.1
Hydra 2005 H. A. Weaver 64780 167 38.206

Eclipses

Lunar Eclipses

Total Lunar Eclipse

A type of eclipse that occurs when the Earth passes directly between the moon and sun, which means that the moon is in Earth's shadow. Since Earth is in the middle of the moon and sun, it must always be a full moon for a lunar eclipse to occur. There are several types of lunar eclipses:

Penumbral Eclipse - The moon passes through Earth's penumbra, causing its surface to darken slightly.
Total Penumbral Eclipse - The moon passes "exclusively" through Earth's penumbra. The area of the moon closest to the umbra can appear darker than the rest of it.
Partial Lunar Eclipse - A portion of the moon passes through Earth's umbra.
Total Lunar Eclipse - The whole moon passes through Earth's umbra. Totality can last up to 107 minutes, depending on the distance of the moon (at apogee, the moon's speed is slower, meaning a longer eclipse).
Selenehelion - Also known as a "horizontal eclipse", this is when the sun and the eclipsed moon can be seen at the same time. It can only occur right after sunrise or just before sunset. Technically, the moon and sun shouldn't be visible at the same time, but Earth's atmosphere refracts light and things near the horizon appear higher in the sky than they really are. The name is derived from the Greek goddess of the Moon (Selene) and their word for Sun, helios.
Total Solar Eclipse, not to scale.

Solar Eclipses

The moon passes between the Earth and sun so that the sun's light is partially or completely blocked. Solar Eclipses can only occur during a new moon, when the moon is between the earth and the sun. However, since the moon's orbit around the earth is inclined at about 5°, solar eclipses can only happen when the moon's orbit crosses the ecliptic. There are four types of solar eclipses:

Total Eclipse - The sun is completely blocked by the moon. A total eclipse often happens near perigee because the moon is closer to the earth and its apparent size is larger. When earth is close to aphelion, total eclipses are also more likely to occur. The sun's disk is obscured and its corona is visible. Total eclipses are only visible from the path of totality in the moon's umbra.
Annular Eclipse - The sun and moon are in line, but the moon's apparent size is smaller than the sun because the moon is close to apogee. Annular eclipses are more likely to occur during earth's perihelion. The sun appears as a bright ring around the moon's outline. Annular eclipses are only visible in the antumbra.
Hybrid Eclipse - A hybrid eclipse is visible as a total eclipse from some places on earth and is visible as an annular eclipse from other places. This kind of eclipse is rare compared to the other kinds.
Partial Eclipse - The moon only obscures part of the sun. Partial eclipses can be seen from "a large part of earth" (the moon's penumbra) outside the path of totality for a total or annular eclipse. Some eclipses are only visible as a partial eclipse because the umbra passes above the poles.

Important Laws

Newton's Laws of Motion and Gravitational Attraction

Laws of motion

1. An object at rest stays at rest unless acted on by an outside force. An object in motion stays in motion unless acted on by an outside force.

2. F=ma. Force equals mass times acceleration.

3. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Law of Gravitational Attraction

Every object attracts every other object with a force proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of their distance.

[math]F = G \frac{m_1 m_2}{r^2}[/math]

Where,

F is the magnitude of the gravitational force between the two point masses,

G is the gravitational constant,

m1 is the mass of the first point mass,

m2 is the mass of the second point mass, and

r is the distance between the two point masses.

Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion

Kepler's Laws are as follows:

  1. The orbit of every planet is an ellipse with the sun at a focus.
  2. A line joining a planet and the sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time.
  3. The square of the orbital period of a planet is directly proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit.

See here for more info. Many of the pictures and diagrams used in this section are from here.

Law 1

The orbit of every planet is an ellipse with the sun at a focus.

To understand this law, you must first understand ellipses. You can think of an ellipse as a flatten circle, with two axes. There is the major axis, which is the longer one, and the minor axis, which is the shorter one. There are always two focuses, which are on the major axis. There is also a semi-major axis, which is half the major axis, and a semi-minor axis, or half the minor axis. The sum of the distance to both of the foci is constant.

Ellipse.gif

What the law states is that the sun is at one of the foci, and the planet orbits around it in an ellipse. Most of the time the ellipse is close to a circle in shape, but is never a circle.

Law 2

A line joining a planet and the sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time. This one is harder to envision. So we've established that the orbit is elliptical, right? Two lines extending out of the sun will always have the same area, and the planet we are talking about will always travel this distance in equal time. Look at this picture:

Kepler2.gif

Make sense now? The blue sections have the same area, and the Earth will travel the distance the blue area covers in the same time. So when the blue is wider, the Earth moves faster. The blue is wider closer to the sun, so the closer to the sun you are, the faster the planet will orbit around the sun.

Law 3

The square of the orbital period of a planet is directly proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit. This is purely math. [math]\frac{P_1^2}{P_2^2} = \frac{R_1^3}{R_2^3}[/math]

So what this means is that these two fractions are equal. Remember in the first law, we defined the major and minor axes? The semi-major axis is half of the major axis. So that shows that the minor axis defines the orbital period! You can use this law to find either the semi-major axis, which can then be used to find the major axis, or the orbital period. Since [math]p^2 = a^3[/math], we can use the formula [math]p = a^{3/2}[/math] to find the orbital period, or [math]a = p^{2/3}[/math] to find the semi-major axis.

Escape Velocity

Escape Velocity is the velocity something must reach in order to escape the gravitational pull of a planet. You can calculate the escape velocity using this formula: [math]E_v = \sqrt{\frac{2GM}{R}} [/math]

Where, Ev is the escape velocity, M is the mass (in kg) of the planet, G is the gravitational constant (equal to [math]6.67\times10^{-11} \ {\rm N} \ {\rm m^{2}} \ {\rm kg^{-2}}[/math]), and R is the radius of your planet in meters.

This is a strange form of measurement for a planet, so watch out. It can change your answer dramatically.

Here is a simple, easy to use Escape Velocity calculator made with Microsoft Excel. To use it, you fill in each box in a row with the mass and radius of your planet, respectively. You usually use meters for the radius, but this calculator converts it for you, so fill in the radius in kilometers. The first two boxes are used for the mass, so that a*10^b = mass, you would fill in "a" in the first box and "b" in the second box. Just look at the examples to figure out how to use it. Escape Velocity Calculator (.xls)

Effects of Planets/Satellites

Tidal locking- when one side of an astronomical object always faces another astronomical body. For example, the Moon takes just as long to rotate one time as it does to revolve around Earth one time. Two objects of a similar size (like Pluto and Charon) may both become tidally locked to each other.

Shepherding- Where a moon orbits near the edge of a ring, using its gravitational pull to keep the ring's particles in a tight band and prevent them from spreading out too much.

Planet Shepherd Moons
Jupiter Metis, Adrastea, Amalthea, and Thebe
Saturn Pan, Daphnis, Atlas, Prometheus, Pandora, Aegaeon, and the "moonlets"
Uranus Cordelia and Ophelia

Resonance- A relationship in which the orbital period of one body is related to that of another by a simple integer fraction.

Resonance Astronomical Bodies
2:3 Neptune and Pluto (Neptune's orbital period is 2/3 that of Pluto)
1:2 Mimas and Tethys (Saturn's moons)
1:2 Enceladus and Dione (Saturn's moons)
3:4 Titan and Hyperion (Saturn's moons)
1:2:4 Io, Europa, and Ganymede (Jupiter's moons)*

*Eventually (in a few hundred million years), Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto will be in a 1:2:4:8 resonance with these three moons. Callisto will orbit Jupiter once for every 2 Ganymede orbits, every 4 Europa orbits, or every 8 Io orbits.

Laplace Resonance- Where 3 or more astronomical bodies are in resonance with each other. The only known Laplace resonance is between Jupiter's moons Io, Europa, and Ganymede.

Trojans- A 1:1 resonance between two astronomical bodies where a minor planet or moon shares the same orbital path as a larger body but does not collide with it because it orbits 60° ahead of or behind the larger planet or moon (at the Lagrangian points L₄ or L₅). Mars, Jupiter, and Neptune each share their orbits with Trojan asteroids, while Saturn's moons have smaller Trojan moons (Telesto and Calypso share an orbit with Tethys, Helene and Polydeuces with Dione).

Famous Astronomers

Aristarchus

Aristarchus was an ancient Greek astronomer. He was the one to first put forward the idea of a heliocentric Solar System. After observing solar and lunar eclipses, he deduced correctly that the Solar System was heliocentric.

Tycho Brahe

(1546-1601)

Tycho Brahe was a Danish astronomer that was famous for creating precise measurements of the planets, and also more than 700 stars. He discovered a supernova in 1572 near Cassiopeia. The king of Denmark was so impressed with this discovery that he funded a large observatory on the island of Ven. He also invented his own view of the Universe, the Tychonian System. In it, every planet but Earth orbited the Sun, and the Sun and Moon orbited the Earth.

Galileo Galilei

(1564-1642)

Galileo Galilei was a very famous astronomer who is sometimes known as "the father of modern observational astronomy". His greatest astronomical achievements include discovering Jupiter's four largest satellites, observing and recording the phases of Venus, improving the design of the telescope, and greatly supporting the theory of a heliocentric solar system.

Galileo was born in Pisa, Italy, but moved to Florence at the age of 8. He later applied to the University of Pisa to get a medical degree, but his interests took a different course (no pun intended) and he ended up studying mathematics.

Aristotle's Universe

This upset the church, who then sentenced him to house arrest. He went blind (most likely from studying the sun), shortly before he died.

Johannes Kepler

(1571-1630)

Johannes Kepler was a German astronomer most famous for developing the Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion. He began to work on complex math formulas to explain planetary motion, which he mistakenly thought were circular in shape. Later, he became Tycho Brahe's assistant. Kepler and Tycho did not get along, however, and Tycho set Kepler to the task of understanding Mars' orbit. It was just this that allowed him to find the final piece in developing the Laws of Planetary Motion.

Clyde Tombaugh

(1906-1997)

Clyde Tombaugh is credited for discovering Pluto. He began at home with a nine inch home-made telescope, and used this to draw pictures of Saturn and Jupiter. He sent the pictures to the Lowell Observatory, and was immediately offered a position. His goal was to discover the elusive "planet X", later to be renamed Pluto. Even after this great accomplishment, he went on to discover many more things such as comets, open clusters, and globular clusters.

Nicholas Copernicus

(1473-1543)

Nicholas Copernicus was a Polish astronomer who developed the Copernicus theory, stating that the sun lies near the center of the Solar System, and the Earth revolves around it, rather than the other way around. This theory was not proven until Galileo, and not widely accepted for many more years. Later in life he went on to lecture in Rome about astronomy.

Edmond Halley

(1656-1742)

Edmond Halley was a British astronomer who was the first to calculate a comet's orbit. He went to the University of Oxford where he studied the theories of Sir Issac Newton. He published a book in 1705 called Astronomiae Cometicae Synopsis (Synopsis on Cometary Astronomy). His theories were validated when a comet appeared in 1758, just as he predicted. The comet was named after him for his remarkable accuracy, and is now known as Halley's comet.

Missions

For more information on each individual mission, see Solar System/Missions.

Many missions have been undertaken for the exploration and advancement of knowledge of the celestial bodies described above. In addition, many missions are currently being planned and prepared. Some of the most noteworthy are highlighted in the table below.

Missions
Name Start Date End Date Object(s) Objectives
Voyager 1 Sept 5, 1977 Continuing Jupiter and Saturn To explore the solar system. Ended up making groundbreaking discoveries about the moons of Jupiter and Saturn.
Voyager 2 Aug 20, 1977 Continuing Jupiter and Saturn To explore the solar system. It added to Voyager 1's discoveries by doing more flybys of the moons of Jupiter and Saturn.

Helpful Tips

This event often contains many questions/tasks not listed on the event sheet, so you should study anything that could be interpreted as related to our solar system. If you do this (And have a decent reference book) you should be guaranteed to get a top ten finish. Also, make sure to check information posted on the site - it may be mistaken and/or outdated.

When making a note sheet, use One Note, since you can fit a lot of text and diagrams on one page, and you can easily use the clipping tool to copy and paste text from websites onto your note sheet.

Links

An Example Note Sheet
Formation of Cycloidal Ridges on Europa
Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion
NASA'S Solar System Website
Notes on Planetary Characteristics (.doc)
The Nine Planets
Views of the Solar System


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